{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:36:44Z","timestamp":1779341804068,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,10,1]],"date-time":"1996-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":844128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0959-4388(96)80100-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T10:33:24Z","timestamp":1027593204000},"page":"661-666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":358,"title":["Mitochondria, free radicals, and neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"M Flint","family":"Beal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80038-0","article-title":"Dominant role of mitochondria in clearance of large Ca2+ loads from rat adrenal chromaffin cells","volume":"16","author":"Harrington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0131","article-title":"Acceleration of peroxynitrite oxidations by carbon dioxide","volume":"327","author":"Uppu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(92)90431-U","article-title":"Peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration catalyzed by superoxide dismutase","volume":"298","author":"Ischiropoulos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.5.1776","article-title":"Peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of tyrosine residues in Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase mimics adenylylation: relevance to signal transduction","volume":"93","author":"Berlett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3377","article-title":"Peroxynitrite disables the tyrosine phosphorylation regulatory mechanism: lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase fails to phosphorylate nitrated cdc2(6\u201320)NH2 peptide","volume":"93","author":"Kong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-04-01324.1996","article-title":"Superoxide production in rat hippocampal neurons: selective imaging with hydroethidine","volume":"16","author":"Bindokas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6377","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06377.1995","article-title":"Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in cortical neurons following exposure to N-methyl-d-aspartate","volume":"15","author":"Dugan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03318.1995","article-title":"Glutamate induces the production of reactive oxygen species in cultured forebrain neurons following NMDA receptor activation","volume":"15","author":"Reynolds","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80052-5","article-title":"Requirement for superoxide in excitotoxic cell death","volume":"16","author":"Patel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-08-02479.1996","article-title":"Resistance to neurotoxicity in cortical cultures from neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice","volume":"16","author":"Dawson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8419","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-12-08419.1995","article-title":"Blockade of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protects against excitotoxicity in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67010430.x","article-title":"Striatal malonate lesions are attenuated in neuronal nitric oxide knockout mice","volume":"67","author":"Schulz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.5.1753","article-title":"DNA strand breakage, activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, and cellular energy depletion are involved in the cytotoxicity in macrophages and smooth muscle cells exposed to peroxynitrite","volume":"93","author":"Szabo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/362059a0","article-title":"Mutations in Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Rosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90346-1","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent insights from genetics and transgenic mice","volume":"80","author":"Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8209258","article-title":"Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutation","volume":"264","author":"Gurney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.3.689","article-title":"Transgenic mice expressing an altered murine superoxide dismutase gene provide an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Ripps","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90259-7","article-title":"An adverse property of a familial ALS-linked SOD1 mutation causes motor neuron disease characterized by vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.3155","article-title":"Transgenic mice carrying a human mutant superoxide dismutase transgene develop neuronal cytoskeletal pathology resembling human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lesions","volume":"93","author":"Tu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.515","article-title":"Altered reactivity of superoxide dismutase in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"271","author":"Wiedau-Pazos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390203","article-title":"Benefit of vitamin E, riluzole, and gabapentin in a transgenic model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Gurney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/375061a0","article-title":"Defective axonal transport in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Collard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12314-4","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of synapses in the anterior horn neurons of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"204","author":"Sasaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390210","article-title":"Ultrastructural evidence for altered calcium in motor nerve terminals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Siklos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.11.2097","article-title":"Generalized mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy of muscle","volume":"45","author":"Penn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2814477","article-title":"Human cells lacking mtDNA: repopulation with exogenous mitochondria by complementation","volume":"246","author":"King","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400417","article-title":"The origin of the complex I defect in idiopathic Parkinson's disease","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.2696","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in Parkinson's disease","volume":"93","author":"Yoritaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64020936.x","article-title":"Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by 7-nitroindazole protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"64","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.10.4565","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity","volume":"93","author":"Przedborski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0996-1017","article-title":"Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in baboons","volume":"2","author":"Hantraye","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63062179.x","article-title":"Cortical cytochrome oxidase activity is reduced in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"63","author":"Mutisya","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/374647a0","article-title":"Activation of microglial cells by \u03b2-amyloid protein and interferon-\u03b3","volume":"374","author":"Meda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5254.1406","article-title":"The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease in the reduction of copper(II) to copper(I)","volume":"271","author":"Multhaup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/380168a0","article-title":"\u03b2-amyliod-mediated vasoactivity and vascular endothelial damage","volume":"380","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/378776a0","article-title":"Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down's syndrome neurons in vitro","volume":"378","author":"Busciglio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65052146.x","article-title":"Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimer's disease histopathology and biomarkers of protein oxidation","volume":"65","author":"Hensley","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370609","article-title":"Expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the senescent and Alzheimer-diseased brain","volume":"37","author":"Schipper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64062660.x","article-title":"Carbonyl-related posttranslational modification of neurofilament protein in the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7787","article-title":"Glycated tau protein in Alzheimer disease: a mechanism for induction of oxidant stress","volume":"91","author":"Yan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.12.2689","article-title":"Evidence for impairment of energy metabolism in vivo in Huntington's disease using localized 1H NMR spectroscopy","volume":"43","author":"Jenkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0396-347","article-title":"Huntingtin and DRPLA proteins selectively interact with the enzyme GAPDH","volume":"2","author":"Burke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390317","article-title":"Mitochondrial defect in Huntingdon's disease caudate nucles","volume":"39","author":"Gu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.7105","article-title":"Chronic mitochondrial energy impairment produces selective striatal degeneration and abnormal choreiform movements in primates","volume":"92","author":"Brouillet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80100-0_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65020919.x","article-title":"3-Nitropropionic acid neurotoxicity is attenuated in copper\/zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic mice","volume":"65","author":"Beal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959438896801000?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959438896801000?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T03:24:18Z","timestamp":1578453858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959438896801000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0959438896801000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0959-4388(96)80100-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-4388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-4388","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}}}