{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T11:42:02Z","timestamp":1751542922102},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]],"date-time":"1991-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":667785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knowledge Acquisition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1042-8143(05)80004-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]],"date-time":"2007-01-18T12:20:09Z","timestamp":1169122809000},"page":"49-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Knowledge acquisition techniques for decision analysis using AXOTL and AQUINAS"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley P.","family":"Covington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Boose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib1","unstructured":"Akkermans, H., Van Harmelen, F., Schreiber, G. & Wielinga, B. (In press). A formalization of knowledge-level models for knowledge acquisition. In K. Ford & J. Bradshaw, Eds. Special knowledge acquisition issue of the Journal of Intelligent Systems."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80055-9","article-title":"A knowledge acquisition program for expert systems based on Personal Construct Psychology","volume":"23","author":"Boose","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib3","series-title":"Expertise Transfer for Expert System Design","author":"Boose","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(89)80003-2","article-title":"A survey of knowledge acquisition techniques and tools","volume":"1","author":"Boose","year":"1989","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80032-9","article-title":"Expertise transfer and complex problems: Using Aquinas as a knowledge-acquisition workbench for knowledge-based systems","volume":"26","author":"Boose","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib6","series-title":"IJCAI-89 Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition: Practical Tools and Techniques","first-page":"5","article-title":"Design knowledge capture for a corporate memory facility","author":"Boose","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(89)80019-6","article-title":"Recent progress in Aquinas: A knowledge acquisition workbench","volume":"1","author":"Boose","year":"1989","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib8","series-title":"Current Trends in Knowledge Acquisition","article-title":"Capturing design knowledge of engineering trade studies","author":"Boose","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib9","series-title":"Presentation at the Third International Workshop on Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE-89)","article-title":"Knowledge acquisition as CASE for knowledge-based systems","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(05)80044-6","article-title":"Decision analysis techniques for knowledge acquisition: Combining information and preferences using Aquinas and Axotl","volume":"32","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib11","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third AAAI Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-based Systems Workshops","article-title":"How to do with grids what people say you can't: The application of decision analysis methods in Axotl and personal construct methods in Aquinas to design problems","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib12","series-title":"Proceedings of the Boeing AI Conference","article-title":"PIE: An application of Axotl to project selection decisions","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib13","article-title":"Knowledge acquisition techniques for Intelligent Decision Systems: Integrating Axotl and Aquinas in DDUCKS","volume":"5","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib14","series-title":"Presentation made to the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Society for Information Management","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and decision analysis","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib15","series-title":"Acquiring knowledge for process management using eQuality","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib16","series-title":"Reprinted as Research Report 2","article-title":"Knowledge representation and inference in intelligent decision systems","author":"Breese","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib17","series-title":"Readings in Artificial Intelligence and Databases","article-title":"Future intelligent information systems: AI and database technologies working together","author":"Brodie","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib18","series-title":"Knowledge Elicitation: Principles, Techniques and Applications","article-title":"Designing expert systems\u2014from Dan to Beersheba","author":"Diaper","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib19","series-title":"Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems","article-title":"MOLE: A knowledge acquisition tool for cover-and-differentiate systems","author":"Eshelman","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib20","first-page":"12","article-title":"Glass boxes: Lifting the veil on information","author":"Feinstein","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib21","unstructured":"Ford, K. M. & Adams-Webber, J. R. (In press). Knowledge acquisition and constructivist epistemology. In R. Hoffman, Ed. The Cognitive Psychology of Expertise: Empirical Approaches to Knowledge Acquisition."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib22","unstructured":"Ford, K. M. & Adams-Webber, J. R. (In press). Knowledge acquisition and constructivist epistemology. In R. Hoffman, Ed. The Cognitive Psychology of Expertise: Empirical Approaches to Knowledge Acquisition."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib23","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Computer-Aided Software Engineering, CASE-88","article-title":"Software engineering for knowledge-based systems","author":"Gaines","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib24","series-title":"IJCAI-89 Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition: Practical Tools and Techniques","article-title":"The automatic generation of classes, objects and rules at the interface between knowledge acquisition tools and expert system shells","author":"Gaines","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(86)90009-6","article-title":"Induction of inference rules for expert systems","volume":"8","author":"Gaines","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib26","series-title":"The Acquisition of Strategic Knowledge","author":"Gruber","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib27","article-title":"An introduction to algorithms for inference in belief nets","volume":"5","author":"Henrion","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib28","article-title":"The problem of extracting the knowledge of experts from the perspective of experimental psychology","author":"Hoffman","year":"1987","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib29","series-title":"Intelligent Decision Systems","author":"Holtzman","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib30","unstructured":"Holtzman, S. & Seiver, A. (In press). Decision analysis: A framework for critical care decision assistance. International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib31","article-title":"Reasoning about beliefs and actions under computational resource constraints","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Horvitz","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X","article-title":"Decision theory in expert systems and artificial intelligence","volume":"2","author":"Horvitz","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib33_1","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Operational Research","article-title":"Decision analysis: Applied decision theory","author":"Howard","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib33_2","series-title":"Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.903","article-title":"Knowledge maps","volume":"35","author":"Howard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib35_1","series-title":"Influence Diagrams","author":"Howard","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib35_2","series-title":"Readings on the Principles and Applications od Decision Analysis","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib36","series-title":"Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib37","series-title":"Knowledge Elictation: Principles, Techniques and Applications","article-title":"Mediating representations in knowledge elicitation","author":"Johnson","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib38","series-title":"Design Methods","author":"Jones","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80011-1","article-title":"Models, methods, roles, and tasks: many labels\u2014one idea?","volume":"2","author":"Karbach","year":"1990","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib40","series-title":"Value-driven Expert Systems For Decision Support","author":"Keeney","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib41","series-title":"Decisions With Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs","author":"Keeney","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib42","series-title":"The Psychology of Personal Constructs","author":"Kelly","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib43","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third AAAI-sponsored Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop","article-title":"Progress in automated knowledge acquisition tools: How close are we to replacing the knowledge engineer?","author":"Kitto","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib44","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third Annual European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop","article-title":"A framework for knowledge acquisition","author":"Klinker","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(89)80016-0","article-title":"Building expert systems with KNACK","volume":"1","author":"Klinker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib46","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"A KNACK for knowledge acquisition","author":"Klinker","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib47","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"Using decision theory to justify heuristics","author":"Langlotz","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80077-9","article-title":"Taking backtracking with a grain of SALT","volume":"26","author":"Marcus","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib49","series-title":"Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems","article-title":"SALT: A knowledge acquisition language for propose-and-revise systems","author":"Marcus","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(89)80015-9","article-title":"Understanding decision ordering from a piecemeal collection of knowledge","volume":"1","author":"Marcus","year":"1989","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib51","series-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Influence Diagrams for Decision Analysis, Inference, and Prediction","article-title":"Using influence diagrams to value information and control","author":"Matheson","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib52","series-title":"Decision Analysis for the Professional\u2014With Supertree","author":"McNamee","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib53","series-title":"Current Trends in Knowledge Acquisition","article-title":"A flexible six-step program for defining and handling bias in knowledge acquisition","author":"Meyer","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80092-5","article-title":"INFORM: An architecture for expert-directed knowledge acquisition","volume":"26","author":"Moore","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib55","article-title":"Generation of model-based knowledge acquisition tools for clinicaltrial advice systems","author":"Musen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ph.D. Thesis, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Available as KSL-88-06 and STAN-CS-88-1194"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib56","series-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems: Theory and Algorithms","author":"Neapolitan","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib57","series-title":"A Theory of Education","author":"Novak","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib58","series-title":"Learning How to Learn","author":"Novak","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib59","series-title":"SUPERTREE\u2014decision tree processing program","author":"Olmsted","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib60","series-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference","author":"Pearl","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib61","series-title":"Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures On Choices Under Uncertainty","author":"Raiffa","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib62","series-title":"The Compleat Guide to MRS","author":"Russell","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.34.6.871","article-title":"Evaluating influence diagrams","volume":"34","author":"Shachter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib64","series-title":"Proceedings of the RCA\/AAAI Workshop on Uncertainty and Probability in Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"DAVID: Influence diagram processing environment for the Macintosh","author":"Shachter","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(89)80010-X","article-title":"Comparing conceptual structures: consensus, conflict, correspondence, and contrast","volume":"1","author":"Shaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80005-1","article-title":"Refining problem-solving knowledge in repertory grids using a consultation mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Shema","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80013-5","article-title":"Design knowledge capture and alternative generation using possibility tables in Canard","volume":"2","author":"Shema","year":"1990","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib68","series-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","article-title":"Conservation of design knowledge","author":"Sivard","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib69","series-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 5","article-title":"Assessment, criticism and improvement of imprecise subjective probabilities for a medical expert system","author":"Spiegelhalter","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib70","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth AAAI Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop","article-title":"Using a KA tool to test strategy variations","author":"Stout","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib71","unstructured":"Sullivan, K. M. & Shulman, H. M. (In press). Cyclosporine and long-term follow-up care of the marrow transplant recipient: Clinical histories of chronic graft-versus-host disease, obliterative bronchiolitis and graft-versus-leukemia effect. Transplant Proceedings."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(78)90014-0","article-title":"Categorical and probabilistic reasoning in medical diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Szolovitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib73","series-title":"Coupling Symbolic and Numeric Computing","article-title":"Reasoning about assumptions underlying mathematical models","author":"Wellman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80004-4_bib74","series-title":"Discovery, Invention, Research through the Morphological Approach","author":"Zwicky","year":"1969"}],"container-title":["Knowledge Acquisition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042814305800044?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042814305800044?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T21:57:58Z","timestamp":1547071078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1042814305800044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,3]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1042814305800044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1042-8143(05)80004-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-8143"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-8143","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,3]]}}}