{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T02:50:57Z","timestamp":1773802257447,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]],"date-time":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00103-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,13]],"date-time":"2003-05-13T01:38:09Z","timestamp":1052789889000},"page":"402-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Impaired thalamocortical connectivity in humans during general-anesthetic-induced unconsciousness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nathan S","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael T","family":"Alkire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199808000-00007","article-title":"Quantitative EEG correlations with brain glucose metabolic rate during anesthesia in volunteers","volume":"89","author":"Alkire","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199502000-00010","article-title":"Cerebral metabolism during propofol anesthesia in humans studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"82","author":"Alkire","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.1999.0423","article-title":"Toward a unified theory of narcosis","volume":"9","author":"Alkire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB4","first-page":"448","article-title":"PET imaging of conscious and unconscious verbal memory","volume":"3","author":"Alkire","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.24.14506","article-title":"Hippocampal, but not amygdala, activity at encoding correlates with long-term, free recall of nonemotional information","volume":"95","author":"Alkire","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199703000-00006","article-title":"Positron emission tomography study of regional cerebral metabolism in humans during isoflurane anesthesia","volume":"86","author":"Alkire","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199903000-00011","article-title":"Functional brain imaging during anesthesia in humans","volume":"90","author":"Alkire","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1991.sp003471","article-title":"The G.L. Brown lecture. Adventures in anaesthesia","volume":"76","author":"Angel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/71.1.148","article-title":"Central neuronal pathways and the process of anaesthesia","volume":"71","author":"Angel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(92)90273-M","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of propofol with other anaesthetic agents on the centripetal transmission of sensory information","volume":"23","author":"Angel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1987.tb08192.x","article-title":"Isoflurane hyperpolarizes neurones in rat and human cerebral cortex","volume":"130","author":"Berg-Johnsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.3.1299","article-title":"Propofol anesthesia and cerebral blood flow changes elicited by vibrotactile stimulation","volume":"85","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.8.768","article-title":"Modulation of connectivity in visual pathways by attention","volume":"7","author":"B\u00fcchel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(95)80012-3","article-title":"Temporal structure in spatially organized neuronal ensembles","volume":"5","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00058-7","article-title":"Cooperation of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, sensory cerebrum and hippocampus","volume":"64","author":"Cotterill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB16","series-title":"The Astonishing Hypothesis","author":"Crick","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200004000-00024","article-title":"Contrasting synaptic actions of the inhalational general anesthetics isoflurane and xenon","volume":"92","author":"de Sousa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB18","series-title":"A Universe of Consciousness","author":"Edelman","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-13-05506.1999","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of propofol-induced loss of consciousness in humans","volume":"19","author":"Fiset","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00161-1","article-title":"The role of the NMDA synapse in general anesthesia","volume":"100","author":"Flohr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020107","article-title":"Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0291","article-title":"Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging","volume":"6","author":"Friston","year":"1997","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1993.4","article-title":"Functional connectivity","volume":"13","author":"Friston","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402","article-title":"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032682099","article-title":"The neural basis of intermittent motor control in humans","volume":"99","author":"Gross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB26","first-page":"E69","article-title":"Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man","volume":"238","author":"Huang","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91525-J","article-title":"Ketamine-induced anesthesia involves the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-channel complex in mice","volume":"596","author":"Irifune","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0498-460","article-title":"Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an NMDA antagonist, neuroprotectant and neurotoxin","volume":"4","author":"Jevtovic-Todorovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2001.0508","article-title":"A field theory of consciousness","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2001","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, E.R., Prichep, L.S., Valdes-Sosa, P., Bosch, J., Aubert, E., Gugino, L.D., Kox, W., Tom, M., di Michele, F., 2001. Invarient reversible QEEG effects of anesthetics. Conscious. Cogn. 10(2), 165\u2013183","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2001.0507"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0249","article-title":"The relevance of sensory input for the cerebellar control of movements","volume":"5","author":"Jueptner","year":"1997","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200206000-00015","article-title":"Effects of surgical levels of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow in healthy subjects studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"96","author":"Kaisti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02271-6","article-title":"Restoration of thalamocortical connectivity after recovery from persistent vegetative state [letter]","volume":"355","author":"Laureys","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0414","article-title":"Impaired effective cortical connectivity in vegetative state","volume":"9","author":"Laureys","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00269-X","article-title":"Experience-dependent changes in cerebral functional connectivity during human rapid eye movement sleep","volume":"105","author":"Laureys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0336","article-title":"The neuronal basis for consciousness","volume":"353","author":"Llinas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012604899","article-title":"Temporal binding via cortical coincidence detection of specific and nonspecific thalamocortical inputs","volume":"99","author":"Llinas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90075-Y","article-title":"Of dreaming and wakefulness","volume":"44","author":"Llinas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5371.1930","article-title":"Neural correlates of perceptual rivalry in the human brain","volume":"280","author":"Lumer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.66.3.1059","article-title":"Simulations of cortical pyramidal neurons synchronized by inhibitory interneurons","volume":"66","author":"Lytton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)00519-R","article-title":"Volatile anesthetics and glutamate activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors","volume":"49","author":"Martin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/096582199387733","article-title":"Mapping cognition to the brain through neural interactions","volume":"7","author":"McIntosh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020104","article-title":"Structural equation modeling and its application to network analysis in functional brain imaging","volume":"2","author":"McIntosh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.4.571","article-title":"Changes in limbic and prefrontal functional interactions in a working memory task for faces","volume":"6","author":"McIntosh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/nn913","article-title":"The sedative component of anesthesia is mediated by GABA(A) receptors in an endogenous sleep pathway","volume":"5","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB46","first-page":"255","article-title":"A neural attentional model for access to consciousness","volume":"4","author":"Newman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Concepts Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7112112","article-title":"General anesthetics hyperpolarize neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system","volume":"217","author":"Nicoll","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(01)00189-7","article-title":"Volatile anesthetic actions on the GABAA receptors","volume":"42","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB49","series-title":"The Human Brain in Photographs and Diagrams","author":"Nolte","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060502","article-title":"Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose","volume":"6","author":"Phelps","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.4.1795","article-title":"Mechanism of anesthesia revealed by shunting actions of isoflurane on thalamocortical neurons","volume":"81","author":"Ries","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/3.5.421","article-title":"Thalamocortical organization in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical system","volume":"3","author":"Shinoda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-13-05435.1999","article-title":"Increased synchronization of neuromagnetic responses during conscious perception","volume":"19","author":"Srinivasan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB54","first-page":"354","article-title":"Sleep oscillations and their blockage by activating systems","volume":"19","author":"Steriade","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00353-5","article-title":"Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation","volume":"101","author":"Steriade","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.1.1","article-title":"Impact of network activities on neuronal properties in corticothalamic systems","volume":"86","author":"Steriade","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90613-E","article-title":"Halothane-induced hyperpolarization and depression of postsynaptic potentials of guinea pig thalamic neurons in vitro","volume":"576","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB58","series-title":"Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain, a 3-Dimensional Proportional System","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB58A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5395.1846","article-title":"Consciousness and complexity","volume":"282(5395)","author":"Tononi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199711000-00015","article-title":"Midazolam changes cerebral blood flow in discrete brain regions","volume":"87","author":"Veselis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00103-4_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(94)00068-B","article-title":"Depression of thalamic metabolism by lorazepam is associated with sleepiness","volume":"12","author":"Volkow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811903001034?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811903001034?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T19:33:11Z","timestamp":1584646391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053811903001034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1053811903001034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00103-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}}}