{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T03:40:14Z","timestamp":1776742814998,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1056-4993(18)30163-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T07:21:13Z","timestamp":1529306473000},"page":"445-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":330,"title":["The Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ada H.","family":"Zohar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199607000-00016","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive characteristics: From Symptoms to syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Apter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820210068008","article-title":"An epidemiological study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in Israel","volume":"50","author":"Apter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00010","article-title":"Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: A two-year prospective follow-up of a community sample","volume":"28","author":"Berg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/3002000","article-title":"Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data","volume":"2","author":"Berkson","year":"1946","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib5","first-page":"96","article-title":"Neurological characteristics of nondepressed adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"4","author":"Boone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.3.441","article-title":"Family accommodation in obsessivecompulsive disorder","volume":"152","author":"Calvocoressi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x","article-title":"Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies","volume":"32","author":"Caron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199311000-00002","article-title":"How can epidemiology improve mental health services for children and adolescents?","volume":"32","author":"Costello","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830120067012","article-title":"The Great Smoky Mountains study of youth","volume":"53","author":"Costello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199511000-00008","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18 year olds: Prevalence and predictors","volume":"34","author":"Douglass","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01575.x","article-title":"Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorders: A prospective follow-up study","volume":"31","author":"Flament","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Child Psychology Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198811000-00018","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in adolescence: An epidemiological study","volume":"27","author":"Flament","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199501000-00009","article-title":"Demographic and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Hanna","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60658-0","article-title":"Long-term outcome of obsessivecompulsive disorder in childhood","volume":"19","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.4.469","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without a chronic tic disorder: A comparison of symptoms in 70 patients","volume":"164","author":"Holzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01304.x","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in childhood and adolescence","volume":"80","author":"Honjo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.3.313","article-title":"A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents","volume":"147","author":"Kashani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199509000-00019","article-title":"An epidemiological study of trichotillomania in Israeli adolescents","volume":"34","author":"King","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05788.x","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"376","author":"Kolada","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820180023003","article-title":"A 2-7 follow-up study of 54 obsessive-compulsive children and adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Leonard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.1.109","article-title":"Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents","volume":"107","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(97)00017-0","article-title":"Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30527-3","article-title":"Panic disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Moreau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychi-atr Chin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700020572","article-title":"DSM-III compulsive personality disorder: An epidemiological survey","volume":"21","author":"Nestadt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.158.2.260","article-title":"Gender-divergent factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"158","author":"Noshirvani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.76","article-title":"A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"152","author":"PauIs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib27","series-title":"The Hebrew Version of the Schedule for Tourette Syndrome and Other Behavioral Syndromes","author":"PauIs","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib28","first-page":"466","article-title":"Epidemiology of OCD","volume":"24","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.3.317","article-title":"DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical character-istics and family history","volume":"143","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib30","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Discussion: How can epidemiology improve mental health services for children and adolescents?","volume":"36","author":"Shaffer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.2.121","article-title":"A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"56","author":"Skoog","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199511000-00009","article-title":"Course of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A prospective follow-up study of 23 Danish cases","volume":"34","author":"Thomsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00002","article-title":"Frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Valleni-Basile","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199607000-00015","article-title":"Incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Valleni-Basile","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810170087013","article-title":"Uncommon troubles in young people: Prevalence estimates of selected psychiatric disorders in a non-referred adolescent population","volume":"47","author":"Whitaker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005928","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults","volume":"28","author":"Wittchen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01616.x","article-title":"Normative and pathological obsessive-compulsive behavior and ideation in childhood: A question of timing","volume":"38","author":"Zohar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib38","unstructured":"Zohar AH, Kaplan D, Pauls DL, et al: A test of the stress diathesis model: Adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder serving in the military. Unpublished manuscript 1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib39","first-page":"163","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive behaviors and cognitive functioning: A study of compulsivity, frameshifting, and type A activity patternsin a normal population","volume":"8","author":"Zahar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neural"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.2.274","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without tics in an epidemiological sample of adolescents","volume":"154","author":"Zahar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib41","first-page":"184","article-title":"An epidemiological study of obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders in Israeli adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Zahar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199211000-00010","article-title":"An epidemiological study of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders in Israeli adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Zahar","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1056499318301639?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1056499318301639?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T22:56:23Z","timestamp":1761000983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1056499318301639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1056499318301639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1056-4993(18)30163-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-4993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-4993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1999 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}