{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:47:10Z","timestamp":1779353230385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1071-5819(02)00127-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,17]],"date-time":"2003-01-17T18:39:55Z","timestamp":1042828795000},"page":"89-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":625,"title":["The evolution of Prot\u00e9g\u00e9: an environment for knowledge-based systems development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"John H","family":"Gennari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"Musen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray W","family":"Fergerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William E","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Crub\u00e9zy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalya F","family":"Noy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samson W","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB1","first-page":"21","article-title":"R1 revisited","volume":"5","author":"Bachant","year":"1984","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34","article-title":"The semantic web","volume":"284","author":"Berners-Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB3","series-title":"The CommonKADS Library for Expertise Modelling","author":"Breuker","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB4","unstructured":"Buchanan, B.G., Shortliffe, E.H. (Eds.), 1984. Rule-Based Expert Systems: The Mycin Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB5","series-title":"Building Expert Systems","article-title":"Constructing an expert system","author":"Buchanan","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Towards a taxonomy of problem-solving types","volume":"4","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"1983","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/MEX.1986.4306977","article-title":"Generic tasks in knowledge-based reasoning","volume":"1","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Expert"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB8","unstructured":"Chaudhri, V.K., Farquhar, A., Fikes, R., Karp, P.D., Rice, J.P., 1998. OKBC: a programmatic foundation for knowledge base interoperability. Proceedings of AAAI-\u201998, Madison, WI, pp. 600-607."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB9","unstructured":"Crubezy, M., Lu, W., Motta, E., Musen, M.A., 2001. The internet reasoning service: delivering configurable problem-solving components to web users. Technical Report SMI-2001-0895, Stanford Medical Informatics."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB10","unstructured":"Domingue, J., 1998. Tadzebao and WebOnto: Discussing, browsing, and editing ontologies on the web. Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management, Banff, CA."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0366","article-title":"Wondertools? A comparative study of ontological engineering tools","volume":"52","author":"Duineveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1067","article-title":"Generation of knowledge-acquisition tools from domain ontologies","volume":"41","author":"Eriksson","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)00040-9","article-title":"Task modeling with reusable problem-solving methods","volume":"79","author":"Eriksson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80034-2","article-title":"MOLE","volume":"26","author":"Eshelman","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0121","article-title":"The ontolingua server","volume":"46","author":"Farqahar","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB16","unstructured":"Farqahar, A., Fikes, R., Pratt, W., Rice, J., 1995. Collaborative ontology construction for information integration. Technical Report KSL-95-63, Stanford Knowledge Systems Lab."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB17","unstructured":"Fensel, D., Benjamins, V.R., Motta, E., Wielinga, B., 1999. UPML: A framework for knowledge system reuse. International Joint Conference on AI, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB18","unstructured":"Fridsma, D., Gennari, J.H., Musen, M.A., 1996. Making generic guidelines site-specific. Proceedings of the 20th AMIA Annual Fall Symposium, Washington, DC, pp. 597\u2013601."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB19","unstructured":"Genesereth, M.R., Fikes, R., 1992. Knowledge interchange format, Version 3.0 Reference Manual. Technical Report Logic-92-1, Stanford University Computer Science Department."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB64","unstructured":"Gennari, J., 1993. A brief guide to MAITRE and MODEL: An ontology editor and a frame-based knowledge representation language. Stanford Medical Informatics technical report no. SMI-93-0486."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1066","article-title":"Mapping domains to methods in support of reuse","volume":"41","author":"Gennari","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennari, J.H., Altman, R.B., Musen, M.A., 1995. Reuse with Prot\u00e9g\u00e9-II: from elevators to ribosomes. Proceedings of the ACM-SigSoft 1995 Symposium on Software Reusability, Seattle, WA, pp. 72\u201380.","DOI":"10.1145\/211782.316710"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1998.0217","article-title":"Reuse, CORBA, and knowledge-based systems","volume":"49","author":"Gennari","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB22","unstructured":"Gennari, J.H., Sklar, D., Silva, J.S., 2001. Protocol authoring to eligibility determination: cross-tool communication. Proceedings of the AMIA Annual Symposium, Washington, DC, pp. 199\u2013203."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB24","unstructured":"Gil, Y., Melz, E., 1996. Explicit representations of problem-solving strategies to support knowledge acquisition. Proceedings of the Thirteen National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-96), Portland, OR, pp. 469\u2013476."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB25","unstructured":"Goldstein, M.K., Hoffman, B.B., Coleman, R.W., et al., 2000. Implementing clinical practice guidelines while taking account of evidence: ATHENA, an easily modifiable decision-support system for management of hypertension in primary care. Proceedings of the AMIA Annual Symposium, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 300\u2013304."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/knac.1993.1008","article-title":"A translation approach to portable ontology specifications","volume":"5","author":"Gruber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB27","unstructured":"Guarino, N., Giaretti, P., 1995. Ontologies and knowledge bases: towards a terminological clarification. In: Mars, N.J.I. (Ed.), Towards Very Large Knowledge Bases. IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 25\u201332."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB28","unstructured":"Hayes, P.J., 1979. The logic of frames. In: Brachman, R.J., Levesque, H.J.(Eds.), Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, pp. 287\u2013295."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB29","unstructured":"Hayes-Roth, F., Waterman, D., Lenat, D. (Eds.), 1983. Building Expert Systems. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.920597","article-title":"Agents and the semantic web","volume":"16","author":"Hendler","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB31","unstructured":"Johnson, P.D., Tu, S.W., Booth, N., Sugden, B., Purves, I.N., 2000. Using scenarios in chronic disease management guidelines for primary care. Proceedings of the AMIA Annual Symposium, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 389-393."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB32","unstructured":"Karp, P., Myers, K., Gruber, T., 1995. The generic frame protocol. Proceedings of the 1995 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 768\u2013774."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008763932600","article-title":"A collaborative environment for authoring large knowledge bases","volume":"13","author":"Karp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB34","series-title":"Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems","first-page":"225","article-title":"Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods","author":"McDermott","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90002-7","article-title":"SALT","volume":"39","author":"Marcus","year":"1989","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacGregor, R.M., 1991. Using a description classifier to enhance deductive inference. Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Conference on AI Applications, pp. 141\u2013147.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIA.1991.120860"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0018","article-title":"Solving VT in VITAL","volume":"44","author":"Motta","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80039-1","article-title":"Use of a domain model to drive an interactive knowledge-editing tool","volume":"26","author":"Musen","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB39","series-title":"Automated Generation of Model-Based Knowledge-Acquisition Tools","author":"Musen","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00130719","article-title":"Automated support for building and extending expert models","volume":"4","author":"Musen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB41","series-title":"Knowledge-Oriented Software Design","article-title":"Problem-solving models for generation of task specific knowledge acquisition tools","author":"Musen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.97084511","article-title":"EON","volume":"3","author":"Musen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008711006591","article-title":"Integration of temporal reasoning and temporal-data maintenance into a reusable database mediator to answer abstract, time-oriented queries","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB44","unstructured":"Noy, N.F., Musen, M.A., 2000. PROMPT: algorithm and tool for automated ontology merging and alignment. 17th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-2000), Austin, TX, pp. 450\u2013455."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noy, N.F., Fergerson, R.W., Musen, M.A., 2000. The knowledge model of Prot\u00e9g\u00e9-2000: combining interoperability and flexibility. Second International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (EKAW\u20192000), Juan-les-Pins, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39967-4_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.920601","article-title":"Creating semantic web contents with Protege-2000","volume":"16","author":"Noy","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB47","unstructured":"Noy, N.F., Musen, M.A., Mejino, J.L.V., Rosse, C., 2002. Pushing the envelope: challenges in a frame-based representation of human anatomy. Technical Report SMI-2002-0925, Stanford Medical Informatics."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB48","first-page":"497","article-title":"Generalised directive models","volume":"49","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1998.0050357","article-title":"The guideline interchange format","volume":"5","author":"Ohno-Machado","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1006\/jbin.2001.1016","article-title":"Sharable representation of clinical guidelines in GLIF","volume":"34","author":"Peleg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/1042-8143(92)90025-V","article-title":"A multiple-method knowledge-acqusition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools","volume":"4","author":"Puerta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/int.4550080109","article-title":"Modeling tasks with mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Puerta","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB53","unstructured":"Rubin, D., Gennari, J.H., Srinivas, S., et al.,1999. Tool support for authoring eligibility criteria for cancer trials. Proceedings of the AMIA Annual Symposium, Washington, DC, pp. 369\u2013373."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/knac.1994.1001","article-title":"Transferring knowledge from active expert to end-user environment","volume":"6","author":"Sandahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB55","series-title":"Knowledge Engineering and Management","author":"Schreiber","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiber, A.T., Wielinga, B., Akkermans, J.M., van de Veld, W., deHoog, R., 1994. CommonKADS: a comprehensive methodology for KBS development. IEEE Expert 9, 28\u201337.","DOI":"10.1109\/64.363263"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1999.0060494","article-title":"Semi-automated entry of clinical temporal-abstraction knowledge","volume":"6","author":"Shahar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB58","unstructured":"Shortliffe, E.H., Scott, A.C., Bischoff, M.B., et al., 1981. ONCOCIN: an expert system for oncology protocol management. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI \u201881), Vancouver, CA, pp. 876\u2013881."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB59","unstructured":"Staab, S., Maedche, A., 2000. Axioms are objects, too\u2014Ontology engineering beyond the modeling of concepts and relations. Proceedings of the ECAI 2000 Workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB60","first-page":"30","article-title":"Components of expertise","volume":"11","author":"Steels","year":"1990","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB61","unstructured":"Steels, L., 1992. Reusability and configuration of applications by non-programmers. Technical Report VUB 92-4, Vrije Universiteit, Brussel."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1145\/76380.76384","article-title":"Episodic skeletal-plan refinement based on temporal data","volume":"32","author":"Tu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/1042-8143(92)90013-Q","article-title":"KADS","volume":"4","author":"Wielinga","year":"1992","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071581902001271?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071581902001271?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T14:26:25Z","timestamp":1553955985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071581902001271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1071581902001271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1071-5819(02)00127-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-5819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-5819","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}