{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:35:10Z","timestamp":1771000510235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1071-5819(03)00015-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,12]],"date-time":"2003-05-12T23:55:41Z","timestamp":1052783741000},"page":"447-481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Usability engineering of virtual environments (VEs): identifying multiple criteria that drive effective VE system design"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Kay M.","family":"Stanney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mansooreh","family":"Mollaghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Breaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Graeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1996.5.3.302","article-title":"Dynamic response of electromagnetic spatial displacement trackers","volume":"5","author":"Adelstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1996.5.1.109","article-title":"Comments on the use of olfactory displays for virtual environments","volume":"5","author":"Barfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB3","series-title":"Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design","first-page":"473","article-title":"Presence and performance within virtual environments","author":"Barfield","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barfield, W., Hendrix, C., Bystrom, K., 1997. Visualizing the structure of virtual objects using head tracked stereoscopic displays. In: 1997 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium Proceedings, Albuquerque, New Mexico, pp. 114\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1997.583052"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB5","series-title":"3D Sound for Virtual Reality and Multimedia","author":"Begault","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB6","unstructured":"Bennett, D., Chapelle, B.D.L., Zeltzer, D., Bryson, S.T., Bolas, M., 1996. The future of virtual reality: Head-mounted displays versus spatially immersive displays. Special Panel Session at SIGGRAPH \u201996, New Orleans, LA, August 4\u20139."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB7","series-title":"Human-Computer Interaction: Proceedings of Interact \u201997","article-title":"Navigation in information spaces","author":"Benyon","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordegoni, M., 1993. Gesture interaction in a 3D user interface. European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics. Technical report, number ERCIM-93-RO19.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.1230001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowman, D., 1999. Interaction techniques for common tasks in immersive virtual environments: Design, evaluation, and application. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Georgia University of Technology, Georgia.","DOI":"10.1006\/jvlc.1998.0111"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowman, D., Koller, D., Hodges, L.F., 1997. Travel in immersive virtual environments: An evaluation of viewpoint motion control techniques. In: 1997 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS \u201897) Proceedings, Albuquerque, New Mexico, pp. 45\u201352.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1997.583043"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB11","unstructured":"Bowman, D., Kruijff, E., La Viola, J., Poupyrev, I., 2000. The Art and Science of 3D Interaction. Tutorial notes from the IEEE International Virtual Reality 2000 Conference. New Brunswick, NJ, March 18\u201322."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB12","unstructured":"Bricken, M., 1990. Virtual worlds: No interface to design. Technical Report R-990-2, HIT Lab, University of Washington. Retrieved July 31, 2000, from http:\/\/www.hitl.washington.edu\/publications\/r-90-2\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1145\/97880.97899","article-title":"Project grope\u2014haptic displays for scientific visualization","volume":"24","author":"Brooks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB14","unstructured":"Brooks, Jr. F.P., Airey, J., Alspaugn, J., Bell, A., Brown, R., Hill, C., et al. 1992. Six generations of building walkthrough. Final technical report to the National Science Foundation. Technical Report TR92-026, UNC-CH Department of Computer Science. http:\/\/www.cs.unc.edu\/ (2000, July 17)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB15","series-title":"Virtual Reality Technology","author":"Burdea","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/123078.128726","article-title":"A morphological analysis of the design space of input devices","volume":"9","author":"Card","year":"1991","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB17","first-page":"493","article-title":"The nose have it!","volume":"1","author":"Carter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB18","unstructured":"Charitos, D., Rutherford, P., 1996. Guidelines for the design of virtual environments. In: 3 rd Virtual Reality Special Interest Group Conference, Leicester, Proceedings. Virtual Reality Special Interest Group and Contributors, UK, pp. 93\u2013111."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566558","article-title":"A theoretical model of wayfinding in virtual environments","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB20","unstructured":"Chien, Y.Y., Jenkins, J., 1994. Virtual reality assessment. (A report of the Task Group on Virtual Reality to the High Performance Computing and Communications and Information Technology Subcommittee of the Information and Communications Research and Development Committee). National Science and Technology Council, Washington, DC."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.4.468","article-title":"Integrating graphic and audio windows","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB22","series-title":"Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design","first-page":"291","article-title":"The design of multidimensional sound interfaces","author":"Cohen","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(98)00058-7","article-title":"CLIMATE","volume":"11","author":"Conkar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dandekar, K., Templeman, J., Sibert, L., Page, R., 1998. The Hobbes software architecture for virtual environment interface development. Technical Report, NRL-FR-9876; NRL\/FR\/5510\u201398\u20139876. Retrieved July 17, 2000, from http:\/\/infoweb.nrl.navy.mil\/torpedo_browse\/T2_PDFs\/formal\/FR-09\/ FR-09876.pdf","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA341960"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darken, R.P., Sibert, J.L., 1993. A toolset for navigation in virtual environments. Proceedings of ACM User Interface Software and Technology, Atlanta, GA, pp. 157\u2013165.","DOI":"10.1145\/168642.168658"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319609526140","article-title":"Navigating in large virtual worlds","volume":"8","author":"Darken","year":"1996","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darken, R.P., Sibert, J.L., 1996b. Wayfinding strategies and behaviors in large virtual environments. In: Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201996 Conference Proceedings, Vancouver, BC, pp. 142\u2013149.","DOI":"10.1145\/238386.238459"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB28","unstructured":"Davies, C., 1996. Cognition, Perception, and Experience in Virtual Environment: Do You See What I See? Special Panel Session at SIGGRAPH \u201996, New Orleans, LA, August 4\u20139."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB29","series-title":"Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design","first-page":"145","article-title":"Human stereopsis, fusion, and stereoscopic virtual environments","author":"Davis","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB30","unstructured":"DiGiano, C.J., Baecker, R.M., 1992. Program auralization: Sound enhancements to the programming environment. In: Proceedings of Graphics Interface \u201992, Vancouver, BC, pp. 44\u201352."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.319","article-title":"Spatial orientation, adaptation, and motion sickness in real and virtual environments","volume":"1","author":"DiZio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drascic, D., 1991. Skill acquisition and task performance in teleoperation using monoscopic and stereoscopic video remote viewing. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, pp. 1367\u20131371.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129103501906"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB33","series-title":"Virtual Reality","author":"Durlach","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB34","series-title":"Pictorial Communication in Virtual and Real Environments","author":"Ellis","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1996.5.2.247","article-title":"Presence of mind","volume":"5","author":"Ellis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, C., 1996. User interfaces for virtual reality systems. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201996 Conference Tutorial Notes.","DOI":"10.1145\/257089.257358"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB37","unstructured":"Exos. 1997. Woburn, MA, USA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB38","unstructured":"Fairchild, K.M., Lee, B.H., Loo, J., Ng, H., Serra, L., 1993. The heaven and earth virtual reality: Design applications for novice users. In: 1993 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS \u201993) Proceedings, Seattle, Washington, pp. 47\u201354."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.4.482","article-title":"Experience of a sense of presence in intercultural and international encounters","volume":"1","author":"Fontaine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furnas, G.W., 1997. Effective view navigation. In: Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI \u201997 Conference Proceedings. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp. 367\u2013374","DOI":"10.1145\/258549.258800"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB41","unstructured":"Gabbard, J.L., Hix, D., 1997. A taxonomy of usability characteristics in virtual environments. http:\/\/csgrad.cs.vt.edu\/\u223cjgabbard\/ve\/taxonomy\/ (July 31, 2000)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/38.799740","article-title":"User-centered design and evaluation of virtual environments","volume":"19","author":"Gabbard","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1987.10735426","article-title":"Asymmetric division of labor in human skilled bimanual action","volume":"19","author":"Guiard","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Journal of Motor Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB44","series-title":"Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design","first-page":"415","article-title":"Kinesthetic displays for remote and virtual environments","author":"Hannaford","year":"1995"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1145\/48529.48532","article-title":"Reading and writing with computers","volume":"31","author":"Hansen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/191642.191652","article-title":"The challenges of 3D interaction","volume":"26","author":"Herndon","year":"1994","journal-title":"SIGCHI Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinckley, K., Pausch, R., Goble, J.C., Kassell, N.F., 1994. A survey of design issues in spatial input. In: Proceedings of ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology (UIST \u201994), Marina de Ray, California, pp. 213\u2013222.","DOI":"10.1145\/192426.192501"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB48","unstructured":"Hirose, M., Yokoyama, K., 1992. VR application for transmission of synthetic sensation. In The Second International Conference on Artificial and Tele-existence ICAT \u201892, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 49\u201362."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB49","series-title":"Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications","first-page":"681","article-title":"Usability engineering of virtual environments","author":"Hix","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/174630.174631","article-title":"Integrality and separability of input devices","volume":"1","author":"Jacob","year":"1994","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1117\/12.173892","article-title":"Gestural interaction in a virtual environment","volume":"2177","author":"Jacoby","year":"1994","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB52","series-title":"Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design","first-page":"349","article-title":"Tactile displays","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB53","series-title":"The Science of Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments","author":"Kalawsky","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00047-7","article-title":"VRUSE\u2014a computerized diagnostic tool","volume":"30","author":"Kalawsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089203400402","article-title":"Selecting measures for human factors research","volume":"34","author":"Kantowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB56","unstructured":"Kaur, K., 1999. Designing virtual environments for usability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. City University, London."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(98)00059-9","article-title":"Interacting with virtual environments","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Aviation Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB59","series-title":"Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design","first-page":"175","article-title":"Visually coupled systems hardware and the human interface","author":"Kocain","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1995.4.4.387","article-title":"Tactile display of vibratory information in teleoperation and virtual environments","volume":"4","author":"Kontarinis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(98)00060-5","article-title":"Physicians in virtual environments\u2014multimodal human-computer interaction","volume":"11","author":"Krapichler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0097-8493(94)90062-0","article-title":"JDCAD","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computers and Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB63","series-title":"The Image of a City","author":"Lynch","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB64","unstructured":"MacKenzie, I.S., 1995. Input devices and interaction techniques for advanced computing. In Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 437\u2013440."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1145\/97880.97898","article-title":"Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace","volume":"24","author":"Mackinlay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, in Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1995.4.4.403","article-title":"A two-handed interface for object manipulation in virtual environments","volume":"4","author":"Mapes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB67","unstructured":"McCauley-Bell, P., 2002. Ergonomics in Virtual Environments. Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 807\u2013826"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB68","unstructured":"McNeely, W.A., Burdea, G.C., Hannaford, B., Hirose, M., Jacobsen, S., Salisbury, K., Tachi, S., 1995. Panel: Whither force feedback. In 1995 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium Proceedings, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, pp. 226\u2013227."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB69","unstructured":"Mereu, S.W., 1995. Improving depth perception in 3D interfaces with sound. Unpublished Master's Thesis. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mereu, S.W., Kazman, R., 1996. Audio enhanced 3D interfaces for visually impaired users. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201896 Conference Proceedings, Vancouver, BC, pp. 72\u201378.","DOI":"10.1145\/238386.238406"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(98)00057-5","article-title":"Virtual reality","volume":"11","author":"Mills","year":"1999","journal-title":"Interacting with computers"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mine, M.R., Brooks, Jr., F.P., Sequin, C., 1997. Moving objects in space: Exploiting proprioception in virtual environment interaction. In: SIGGRAPH \u201897 Conference Proceedings, Los Angeles, California, pp. 19\u201326.","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258747"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500108","article-title":"An application of the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"35","author":"Mitta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB74","series-title":"Making Multiple Objective Decisions","author":"Mollaghasemi","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB75","series-title":"Handbook of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","first-page":"689","article-title":"The role of metaphors in user interface design","author":"Neale","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB76","series-title":"Usability Engineering","author":"Nielsen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshhima, T., Yamamoto, H., Tamura, H., 1996. Gaze-directed adaptive rendering for interacting with virtual space. In: 1996 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium Proceedings, Santa Clara, California, pp. 103\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1996.490517"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500412","article-title":"The efficiency of instructional conditions","volume":"35","author":"Paas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pausch, R., Shackelford, M.A., Proffitt, D., 1993. A user study comparing head-mounted and stationary displays. In: 1993 IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, pp. 41\u201345.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1993.378265"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pausch, R., Burnette, T., Brockway, D., Weiblen, M., 1995. Navigation and locomotion in virtual worlds via flight into hand-held miniatures. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH in Computer Graphics, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 399\u2013400.","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218495"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB81","unstructured":"Poupyrev, I., 2000. Interaction techniques for virtual manipulation. In: The Art and Science of 3D Interaction, tutorial notes from the IEEE International Virtual Reality 2000 Conference. New Brunswick, NJ, March 18\u201322."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB82","series-title":"Motion Sickness","author":"Reason","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB83","unstructured":"Reeves, L.M., 1999. Assessing the readaptation process associated with virtual environment post-exposure. Unpublished master's thesis. University of Central Florida, Florida."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1996.5.1.95","article-title":"Effect of frame rate and force feedback on virtual manipulation","volume":"5","author":"Richard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-9382(94)90073-6","article-title":"Binocular vision in a bi-ocular world","volume":"15","author":"Rushton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(77)90033-5","article-title":"A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures","volume":"15","author":"Saaty","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB87","series-title":"The Analytic Hierarchy Process","author":"Saaty","year":"1980"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.24.6.19","article-title":"How to make a decision","volume":"24","author":"Saaty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB89","unstructured":"Sadowski, W., Stanney, K.M., 2002. Measuring and managing presence in virtual environments. Handbook of virtual environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 791\u2013806."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB91","series-title":"Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications","first-page":"65","article-title":"Virtual auditory displays","author":"Shilling","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB90","series-title":"Designing the User Interface","author":"Shneiderman","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","article-title":"A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE)","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB93","series-title":"First Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments","first-page":"71","article-title":"The virtual treadmill","author":"Slater","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1145\/210079.210084","article-title":"Taking steps","volume":"2","author":"Slater","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer\u2013Human Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB95","unstructured":"Snow, M., 1996. Charting presence in virtual environments and its effects on performance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanney, K.M., 1995. Realizing the full potential of virtual reality: Human factors issues that could stand in the way. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Virtual Reality Annual Symposium, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, pp. 28\u201334.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1995.512476"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB97","series-title":"Handbook of Virtual Environment","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565767","article-title":"Human Factors Issues in Virtual Environments","volume":"7","author":"Stanney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1002_3","article-title":"Aftereffects and sense of presence in virtual environments","volume":"10","author":"Stanney","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB100","unstructured":"Stanney, K.M., Hix, D., Gabbard, J., Mollaghasemi, M., 2001. Redesign and Evaluation of MAUVE, the Multi-criteria Assessment of Usability for Virtual Environments System. Final Report Deliverable to the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Contract No. N61339-99-C-0098."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1101_1","article-title":"Toward an Information Society for All","volume":"11","author":"Stephanidis","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoakley, R., Conway, M.J., Pausch, R., 1995. Virtual reality on WIM: Interactive worlds in miniature. Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201995 Conference Proceedings, Denver, Colorado. http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/\u223cstage3\/publications\/95\/conferences\/chi\/paper.html (2000, July 17).","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223938"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strommen, E., 1994. Children's use of mouse-based interfaces to control virtual travel. Proceedings of CHI, Boston, Mass., pp. 405\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1145\/259963.260418"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/38.250916","article-title":"A survey of glove-based input","volume":"14","author":"Sturman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computer Graphics & Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturman, D.J., Zeltzer, D., Pieper, S. 1989. Hands-on interaction with virtual environments. In: Proceedings of ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology (UIST \u201989), pp. 19\u201324.","DOI":"10.1145\/73660.73663"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/330534.330535","article-title":"Perceptual user interfaces","volume":"43","author":"Turk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB107","series-title":"Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications","first-page":"731","article-title":"Measurement of visual aftereffects following virtual environment exposure","author":"Wann","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01900747","article-title":"Using hand position for virtual object placement","volume":"6","author":"Ware","year":"1990","journal-title":"Visual Computer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1145\/198425.198426","article-title":"Reaching object in VR displays","volume":"1","author":"Ware","year":"1994","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer\u2013Human Interaction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/38.20319","article-title":"Using the bat","volume":"8","author":"Ware","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1145\/91394.91442","article-title":"Exploration and virtual camera control in virtual three-dimensional environments. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics","volume":"24","author":"Ware","year":"1990","journal-title":"Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ware, C., Slipp, L., 1991. Using velocity control to navigate 3D graphical environments: A comparison of three interfaces. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting, pp. 300\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129103500513"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB113","series-title":"Design of Computing Systems: Cognitive Considerations","first-page":"273","article-title":"The presence of aftereffects","author":"Welch","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB114","series-title":"Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design","first-page":"516","article-title":"Cognitive issues in virtual reality","author":"Wickens","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiker, S.F., Vandereheiden, G., Lee, S., Arndt, S., 1991. Development of tactile mice for blind access to computers: Importance of stimulation locus, object size, and vibrotactile display resolution. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, pp. 708\u2013712.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129103501031"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environment","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.16.4.96","article-title":"The analytic hierarchy process\u2013a survey of methods and its applications","volume":"16","author":"Zahedi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB118","unstructured":"Zhai, S., 1995. Human performance in six degree of freedom input control. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Toronto, Canada."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1117\/12.164895","article-title":"Human performance evaluation of isometric and elastic rate controllers in a 6 dof tracking task","volume":"2057","author":"Zhai","year":"1993","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, S., Milgram, P., 1993b. Human performance evaluation of manipulation schemes in virtual environments. In: 1993 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium Proceedings, Seattle, Washington, pp. 155\u2013161.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1993.380784"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, S., Milgram, P., 1994. Input techniques for HCI and 3D environments. In: Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201994 Conference Proceedings Companion, Boston, Mass., pp. 85\u201386. http:\/\/vered.rose.toronto.edu\/people\/shumin_dir\/papers\/CHI94Poster.html (2000, July 17).","DOI":"10.1145\/259963.260059"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, S., Milgram, P., Buxton, W., 1996. The influence of muscle groups on performance of multiple degree-of-freedom input. In: Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201996 Conference Proceedings, Vancouver, BC, pp. 308\u2013315. http:\/\/vered.rose.toronto.edu\/people\/shumin_dir\/papers\/CHI96\/sz_txt.html (2000, July 22).","DOI":"10.1145\/238386.238534"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.1.127","article-title":"Autonomy, interaction and presence","volume":"1","author":"Zeltzer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00015-6_BIB124","unstructured":"Zyda, M.J., Pratt, D.R., Shirley, M., Barham, P.T., Falby, J.S., 1995. NPSNET-HUMAN: Inserting the human into the networked synthetic environment. In: Proceedings of the 13th DIS Workshop on Standards for the Interoperability of Distributed Simulations, Orlando, Florida, September, pp. 13\u201322."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071581903000156?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071581903000156?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T06:17:53Z","timestamp":1733984273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071581903000156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1071581903000156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1071-5819(03)00015-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-5819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-5819","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}