{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:16:19Z","timestamp":1774970179472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]],"date-time":"1999-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":917827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Medical Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T11:09:16Z","timestamp":1027595356000},"page":"239-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":254,"title":["Measurement and classification of retinal vascular tortuosity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"William E.","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Goldbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brad","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00414653","article-title":"Measurement of vessel tortuosity on fundus photographs","volume":"211","author":"Lotmar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02150097","article-title":"Changes in peripapillary tortuosity of the central retinal arteries in newborns","volume":"218","author":"Bracher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02173368","article-title":"The relationship between retinal vessel tortuosity, diameter and transmural pressure","volume":"224","author":"Kylstra","year":"1986","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB4","first-page":"952","article-title":"Automatic evaluation of retinal vessel width and tortuosity in digital fluorescein angiograms","volume":"32","author":"Kaupp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6. Smedby, N. H\u00f6gman, S. Nilsson, U. Erikson, A.G. Olsson, G. Walldius, Two-dimensional tortuosity of the superficial femoral artery in early atherosclerosis, J. Vasc. Res. 30 (1993) 181\u2013191.","DOI":"10.1159\/000158993"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199515060-00006","article-title":"A numeric index based on spatial-frequency for the tortuosity of retinal-vessels and its application to plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"15","author":"Capowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1109\/42.363106","article-title":"The detection and quantification of retinopathy using digital angiograms","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB8","unstructured":"N.P. Katz, M.H. Goldbaum, S. Chaudhuri, M.R. Nelson, Automated measurements of blood vessels in digitized images of the ocular fundus, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31 (1990) 1185."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB9","series-title":"Introduction to Calculus and Analysis","author":"Courant","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.J. Flynn, A.K. Jain, On reliable curvature estimation, in: IEEE Proceedings on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1989, pp. 110\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1989.37837"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB11","unstructured":"W.H. Press, B.P. Flannery, S.A. Teukolsky, W.T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipies in C\u2014The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Chaudhuri, S. Chatterjee, N. Katz, M. Nelson, M. Goldbaum, Detection of blood vessels in retinal images using two dimensional blood vessel filters, IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 8 (3), September, 1989.","DOI":"10.1109\/42.34715"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB13","unstructured":"B. C\u00f4t\u00e9, W.E. Hart, M. Goldbaum, P. Kube, M.R. Nelson, Classification of blood vessels in images of the ocular fundus. Technical Report CS94-350, University of California, San Diego, CA, 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB14","series-title":"The Logit Model: An Introduction for Economists","author":"Cramer","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB15","unstructured":"J.S. Bridle, Training stochastic model recognition algorithms as networks can lead to maximum mutual information estimation of parameters, in: D. Touretzky (Ed), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 2, Morgan Kaufman, San Mateo, CA, 1990, pp. 211\u2013217."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.H. Aldrich, F.D. Nelson, Linear Probability, Logit and Probit Models. Number 07-045 in Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Sage, 1984.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984744"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.A. Swets, Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems, Science 240 (1988) 1285\u20131293.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3287615"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB18","unstructured":"R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart, Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis, Wiley, New York, 1973."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4_BIB19","unstructured":"J. Rice, Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis. Statistics and Probability Series. Wadsworth and Brooks\/Cole, 1988."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Medical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386505698001634?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386505698001634?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T22:43:05Z","timestamp":1578609785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1386505698001634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1386505698001634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-5056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-5056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]}}}