{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:31:12Z","timestamp":1774366272167,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(04)00933-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,31]],"date-time":"2005-01-31T18:49:48Z","timestamp":1107197388000},"page":"709-718","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":241,"title":["Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ruth Ann","family":"Marrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb20235.x","article-title":"Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Schumacher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols","volume":"13","author":"Poser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10240","article-title":"Application of the new McDonald criteria to patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Dalton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100033680","article-title":"A 21 point unifying hypothesis on the etiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Weiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00006-5","article-title":"The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases","volume":"2","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390501","article-title":"Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis","volume":"339","author":"Confavreux","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.6.1102","article-title":"Autoimmune disease in first-degree relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis. A UK survey","volume":"123","author":"Broadley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00663-X","article-title":"Genetics of multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Dyment","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380502","article-title":"Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"338","author":"Trapp","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib13","first-page":"48","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurological disability","volume":"5","author":"Trapp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6<707::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination","volume":"47","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/377150a0","article-title":"A genetic basis for familial aggregation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"377","author":"Ebers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90807-7","article-title":"Evidence for genetic basis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"347","author":"Sadovnick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330309","article-title":"A population-based study of multiple sclerosis in twins: update","volume":"33","author":"Sadovnick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(02)00036-7","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis","volume":"104","author":"Pugliatti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1975.tb01364.x","article-title":"A reassessment of the distribution of multiple sclerosis. Part one","volume":"51","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050509","article-title":"The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Tayside, Scotland: do latitudinal gradients really exist?","volume":"246","author":"Forbes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000067107","article-title":"The use of standardized incidence and prevalence rates in epidemiological studies on multiple sclerosis. A meta-analysis study","volume":"22","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.1.25","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in Finland: incidence trends and differences in relapsing remitting and primary progressive disease courses","volume":"74","author":"Sumelahti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.012666","article-title":"Latitudinal variation in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Ireland, an effect of genetic diversity","volume":"75","author":"McGuigan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330612","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. Veterans: V. Ancestry and the risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Page","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2001.00269.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in Oslo, Norway: prevalence on 1 January 1995 and incidence over a 25-year period","volume":"8","author":"Celius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.00207.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in Sardinia: evidence for a true increasing risk","volume":"103","author":"Pugliatti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(95)00033-X","article-title":"Migrant studies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Gale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6014.861","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis among immigrants in Greater London","volume":"1","author":"Dean","year":"1976","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112493","article-title":"Latitude, migration, and the prevalence of multiple sclerosis","volume":"106","author":"Visscher","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.10.906","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis among United Kingdom-born children of immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, Africa and the West Indies","volume":"53","author":"Elian","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1966.00470150012002","article-title":"Risk of multiple sclerosis related to age at immigration to Israel","volume":"15","author":"Alter","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112636","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and age at migration","volume":"108","author":"Detels","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.5.968","article-title":"The age-range of risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Evidence from a migrant population in Australia","volume":"123","author":"Hammond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2_Suppl_2.S27","article-title":"Cluster studies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Riise","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890109604473","article-title":"A multiple sclerosis cluster associated with a small, north-central Illinois community","volume":"56","author":"Schiffer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1995.9940386","article-title":"A neurological disease cluster at a manufacturing plant","volume":"50","author":"Krebs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050104","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands: I. clinical and epidemiological features","volume":"5","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000110152","article-title":"Analysis of the \u2018epidemic\u2019 of multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands I. Clinical and epidemiological aspects","volume":"7","author":"Poser","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000110153","article-title":"Analysis of the \u2018epidemic\u2019 of multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands II. Biostatistical aspects","volume":"7","author":"Poser","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2_Suppl_2.S18","article-title":"Ecologic studies of multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Lauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2_Suppl_2.S5","article-title":"Case-control studies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Wolfson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2_Suppl_2.S15","article-title":"Historical cohort studies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Riise","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib43","series-title":"Smoking and health: report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199309000-00013","article-title":"The latent period of multiple sclerosis: a critical review","volume":"4","author":"Wolfson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000073969","article-title":"A systematic review of several potential non-genetic risk factors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Coo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4274-4276.2000","article-title":"Is Chlamydia pneumoniae present in brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis?","volume":"38","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-8-2027","article-title":"Examination of eight cases of multiple sclerosis and 56 neurological and non-neurological controls for genomic sequences of measles virus, canine distemper virus, simian virus 5 and rubella virus","volume":"70","author":"Cosby","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7221554","article-title":"Measles virus nucleotide sequences: detection by hybridization in situ","volume":"212","author":"Haase","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410080614","article-title":"No measles virus genetic information detected in multiple sclerosis-derived brains","volume":"8","author":"Stevens","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.7_Part_2.80","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and viruses: an overview","volume":"30","author":"Cook","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071394","article-title":"Significance of virus antibodies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Haire","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.9.1142","article-title":"Measles antibody titers in multiple sclerosis patients and HLA-matched and unmatched siblings","volume":"31","author":"Visscher","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520240019006","article-title":"Viral antibody titers. Comparison in patients with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"44","author":"Shirodaria","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2_Suppl_2.S42","article-title":"Part III: selected reviews. Common childhood and adolescent infections and multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Granieri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.18.2.109","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of possible etiologic factors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Alter","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.3.201","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and childhood infections","volume":"26","author":"Alter","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200003000-00023","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Ascherio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03841.x","article-title":"Risk factors in multiple sclerosis: a population-based case-control study in Hautes-Pyrenees, France","volume":"80","author":"Berr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000110369","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: a community-based, case-control study in the province of Ferrara, Italy","volume":"13","author":"Casetta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.2.325","article-title":"Viral infection in patients with multiple sclerosis and HLA-DR matched controls","volume":"109","author":"Compston","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.24.8.748","article-title":"Prior events in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Currier","year":"1974","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000110302","article-title":"Infections in childhood and adolescence in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Gronning","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00050.x","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in MS: a case-control study in Moscow","volume":"94","author":"Gusev","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000110269","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in Galion, Ohio: prevalence and results of a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Hopkins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00258.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands 7. Results of a case-control questionnaire with multiple controls","volume":"96","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib66","first-page":"379","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and common viral infections in Ireland","volume":"87","author":"Gudmundsdottir","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000026167","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and infectious childhood diseases","volume":"17","author":"Bachmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00075.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in India: a case-control study of environmental exposures","volume":"95","author":"Bansil","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03170120031006","article-title":"Measles antibody titers in multiple sclerosis patients, siblings and controls","volume":"211","author":"Henson","year":"1970","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(82)90055-7","article-title":"A study of measles virus and canine distemper virus antibodies, and of childhood infections in multiple sclerosis patients and controls","volume":"56","author":"Haile","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5651.218","article-title":"Herpes zoster and multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Lenman","year":"1969","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"suppl 39","key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on epidemiological, clinical and etiological aspects of multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Panelius","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1973.tb01281.x","article-title":"Virus antibodies in serum specimens from patients with multiple sclerosis, from siblings, and matched controls. A final report","volume":"49","author":"Panelius","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.34.4.240","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in the Orkney and Shetland Islands II: the search for an exogenous aetiology","volume":"34","author":"Poskanzer","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5429.226","article-title":"Infective agents and multiple sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Ross","year":"1965","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb03308.x","article-title":"A case-control epidemiological study of MS in the Paris area with particular reference to past disease history and profession","volume":"82","author":"Souberbielle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.9.1144","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and age at exposure to childhood diseases and animals: cases and their friends","volume":"34","author":"Sullivan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03904.x","article-title":"The role of infection and vaccination in the genesis of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis in children","volume":"80","author":"Riikonen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00051.x","article-title":"Risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Israel","volume":"94","author":"Zilber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0147-6","article-title":"Risk factors of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Zorzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib81","series-title":"Multiple sclerosis in Europe. An epidemiological update","first-page":"332","article-title":"Epidemiological data of multiple sclerosis in northern Greece","author":"Milonas","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404961","article-title":"A case-control study of the association between sociodemographic, lifestyle and medical history factors and multiple sclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Ghadirian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115426","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in Key West, Florida","volume":"130","author":"Helmick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib84","series-title":"Multiple sclerosis research. International conference proceedings","first-page":"147","article-title":"Migration and infectious diseases in the etiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1988.tb03662.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and birth order","volume":"78","author":"Zilber","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04028.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and delayed mumps","volume":"85","author":"Hays","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000113777","article-title":"Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in Western Poland","volume":"2","author":"Cendrowski","year":"1969","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-1-199301010-00009","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infections: biology, pathogenesis and management","volume":"118","author":"Straus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04050070036006","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection and antibody synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Bray","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.9.1798","article-title":"Antibodies against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) in multiple sclerosis CSF, and two pentapeptide sequence identities between EBNA and myelin basic protein","volume":"42","author":"Bray","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib91","first-page":"107","article-title":"Intrathecal antibody production to lymphotropic herpesviruses in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Enbom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurol Infect Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530070031008","article-title":"Viral antibodies in multiple sclerosis: a nationwide co-twin study","volume":"47","author":"Kinnunen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.3.435","article-title":"Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen and viral capsid antigen antibody titers in multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Larsen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1998.tb07320.x","article-title":"A single subtype of Epstein-Barr virus in members of multiple sclerosis cluslers","volume":"98","author":"Munch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5832.111","article-title":"EB virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Nikoskelainen","year":"1972","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500510052009","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Sumaya","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170412","article-title":"Increased prevalence and titer of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Sumaya","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3083","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"286","author":"Ascherio","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.12.1533","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"289","author":"Levin","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.15.1875","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"291","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/745764","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus: A review","volume":"13","author":"Marrie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859500100203","article-title":"Increased risk of multiple sclerosis after late Epstein-Barr virus infection: a historical prospective study","volume":"1","author":"Haahr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000110248","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of the association between infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Linberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.2.167","article-title":"Symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Martyn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.6.825","article-title":"A case-control sludy of multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Operskalski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.12.2307","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and antecedent infections: a case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Marrie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00009","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and age at infection with common viruses","volume":"12","author":"Hernan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199907)46:1<6::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Sriram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200005)47:5<652::AID-ANA15>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Evidence for infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in a subgroup of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Layh-Schmitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000050699.23957.8E","article-title":"Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Munger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.4.746","article-title":"Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the central nervous system of patients with MS","volume":"57","author":"Numazaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200009)48:3<399::AID-ANA19>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Is Chlamydia pneumoniae present in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients?","volume":"48","author":"Morre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458502ms815oa","article-title":"Is Chlamydia pneumoniae found in spinal fluid samples from multiple sclerosis patients? Conflicting results","volume":"8","author":"Kaufman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.519-524.2001","article-title":"Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens","volume":"39","author":"Apfalter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib115","series-title":"Descriptive and analytical epidemiological data on multiple sclerosis from a long-term study in Southern Hesse, Germany","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.4.504","article-title":"Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults","volume":"60","author":"DeStefano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102013440502","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination and the risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"344","author":"Ascherio","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000059520","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination and first central nervous system demyelinating event","volume":"21","author":"Touze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1981.tb00756.x","article-title":"Risk factors in multiple sclerosis: tuberculin reactivity, age at measles infection, tonsillectomy and appendectomy","volume":"63","author":"Andersen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms941xx","article-title":"Risk of multiple sclerosis in nurse anesthetists","volume":"9","author":"Stenager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.1.66","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in nurse anesthetists","volume":"60","author":"Flodin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib122","first-page":"1","article-title":"An epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis. Familial aggregation, social determinants, and exogenic factors","volume":"124","author":"Koch-Henriksen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200211000-00018","article-title":"Organic solvents and the risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Riise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199803000-00011","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and organic solvents","volume":"9","author":"Mortensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520300038015","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis, solvents, and pets","volume":"45","author":"Flodin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1982.tb03066.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis among shoe and leather workers: an epidemiological survey in Florence","volume":"65","author":"Amaducci","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1455","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and exposure to solvents, ionizing radiation and animals","volume":"19","author":"Landtblom","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04229.x","article-title":"Organic solvents and multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"88","author":"Gronning","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.5.302","article-title":"A case-control study of chronic neuropsychiatric disease and organic solvent exposure in automobile assembly plant workers","volume":"51","author":"Nelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib130","first-page":"417","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and occupational exposure to chemicals: a co-twin control study of a nationwide series of twins","volume":"46","author":"Juntunen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199607000-00015","article-title":"Organic solvents and multiple sclerosis: a synthesis of the current evidence","volume":"7","author":"Landtblom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000054783","article-title":"Regional variation in multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia and its association with ambient ultraviolet radiation","volume":"20","author":"van der Mei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/90.4.871","article-title":"Geographical considerations in multiple sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Leibowitz","year":"1967","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.316","article-title":"Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study","volume":"327","author":"van der Mei","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.2.142","article-title":"Skin cancer in people with multiple sclerosis: a record linkage study","volume":"58","author":"Goldacre","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1965.00470020073010","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of multiple sclerosis in Israel","volume":"13","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(83)90142-X","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans: 2. Latitude, climate and the risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Norman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000110241","article-title":"Risk factors by onset age in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Warren","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.6.418","article-title":"Mortality from multiple sclerosis and exposure to residential and occupational solar radiation: a case-control study based on death certificates","volume":"57","author":"Freedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(80)90085-5","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and the Canadian climate","volume":"33","author":"Neutel","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0433rev","article-title":"Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology","volume":"15","author":"Deluca","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000101723.79681.38","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Munger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00112-4","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese","volume":"166","author":"Fukazawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.3.729","article-title":"Genetic analysis of vitamin D related genes in Canadian multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"54","author":"Steckley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.9.1737","article-title":"The relationship of MS to physical trauma and psychological stress. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"52","author":"Goodin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(82)90047-9","article-title":"Emotional stress and the development of multiple sclerosis: case-control evidence of a relationship","volume":"35","author":"Warren","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.1.8","article-title":"Severely threatening events and marked life difficulties preceding onset or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Grant","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113766.21896.B1","article-title":"The risk of multiple sclerosis in bereaved parents. A nationwide cohort study in Denmark","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360809","article-title":"Use and misuse of statistics for epidemiological studies of multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Hibberd","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410314","article-title":"Imaging of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: spatial distribution of magnetic resonance imaging lesions","volume":"41","author":"Narayanan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1474442204009330?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1474442204009330?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]],"date-time":"2020-04-05T14:18:00Z","timestamp":1586096280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1474442204009330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1474442204009330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(04)00933-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-4422"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-4422","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}