{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:49:02Z","timestamp":1768812542316,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Fusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1566-2535(02)00089-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,2]],"date-time":"2002-12-02T16:31:35Z","timestamp":1038846695000},"page":"267-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Confidence measures for multimodal identity verification"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Samy","family":"Bengio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Marcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Marcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Mari\u00e9thoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(00)00002-6","article-title":"Multi-modal identity verification using expert fusion","volume":"1","author":"Verlinde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB2","unstructured":"R. Chellappa, C. Wilson, C. Barnes, Human and machine recognition of faces: a survey, Technical Report CAR-TR-731, University of Maryland, 1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.1997.628711","article-title":"Face recognition: eigenfaces, elastic matching, and neural nets","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Marcel, S. Bengio, Improving face verification using skin color information, in: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR\u20192002), 2002","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2002.1048318"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB5","first-page":"858","article-title":"Comparison of face verification results on the XM2VTS database","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Matas","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Kittler, R. Ghaderi, T. Windeatt, G. Matas, Face verification via ECOC, in: British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC01), 2001, pp. 593\u2013602","DOI":"10.5244\/C.15.61"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB7","unstructured":"S. Ben-Yacoub, Multi-modal data fusion for person authentication using SVM, in: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA\u201999), 1999, pp. 25\u201330"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1109\/34.464560","article-title":"Person identification using multiple cues","volume":"17","author":"Brunelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/34.667881","article-title":"On combining classifiers","volume":"20","author":"Kittler","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01238023","article-title":"Combining classifiers: a theoretical framework","volume":"1","author":"Kittler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/72.788647","article-title":"Fusion of face and speech data for person identity verification","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Yacoub","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Ben-Yacoub, J. L\u00fcettin, K. Jonsson, J. Matas, J. Kittler, Audio\u2013visual person verification, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201999), 1999, pp. 580\u2013585","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1999.786997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.S. Big\u00fcn, J. Big\u00fcn, B. Duc, S. Fischer, Expert conciliation for multi modal person authentication systems by bayesian statistics, in: J. Big\u00fcn, G. Chollet, G. Borgefors (Eds.), Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA\u201997), 1997, pp. 291\u2013300","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0016008"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Prabhakar, A.K. Jain, Decision-level fusion in biometric verification, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems (MCS), 2001, pp. 88\u201398","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48219-9_9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Ross, A.K. Jain, J.Z. Qian, Information fusion in biometrics, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Person Authentication (AVBPA), 2001, pp. 354\u2013359","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45344-X_52"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB16","series-title":"Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition","author":"Bishop","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB17","series-title":"Neural Networks, a Comprehensive Foundation","author":"Haykin","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB18","series-title":"The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory","author":"Vapnik","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/dspr.1999.0355","article-title":"The NIST 1999 speaker recognition evaluation\u2013\u2013an overview","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digital Signal Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.-B. Pierrot, J. Lindberg, J. Koolwaaij, H.-P. Hutter, D. Genoud, M. Blomberg, F. Bimbot, A comparison of a priori thresholds settings procedures for speaker verification in the CAVE project, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. I, 1998, pp. 125\u2013128","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1998.674383"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Martin, G. Doddington, T. Kamm, M. Ordowski, M. Przybocki, The DET curve in assessment of detection task performance, in: Proceedings of Eurospeech\u201997, Rhodes, Greece, 1997, pp. 1895\u20131898","DOI":"10.21437\/Eurospeech.1997-504"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum-likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Dempster","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Royal Statistical Society B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1109\/89.279278","article-title":"Maximum a posteriori estimation for multivariate Gaussian mixture observation of markov chains","volume":"2","author":"Gauvain","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Speech Audio Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB24","series-title":"Fundamentals of speech recognition","author":"Rabiner","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB25","unstructured":"S. Bengio, J. Mari\u00e9thoz, S. Marcel, Evaluation of biometric technology on XM2VTS, Technical Report IDIAP-RR 01-21, IDIAP, 2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB26","unstructured":"A. Kolmogorov, Sulla determinazione empirica di una leggi di distribuzione, G. Inst. Ital. Attuari 4, in: S. Kotz, N.L. Johnson (Eds.), Breakthroughs in Statistics, Springer-Verlag, 1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB27","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11: Proceedings of the 1998 Conference","first-page":"487","article-title":"Exploiting generative models in discriminative classifiers","author":"Jaakkola","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB28","unstructured":"J. L\u00fcttin, G. Ma\u0131\u0302tre, Evaluation protocol for the extended M2VTS database (XM2VTSDB), Technical Report RR-21, IDIAP, 1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB29","unstructured":"J. L\u00fcttin, Evaluation protocol for the the XM2FDB database (Lausanne protocol), Technical Report COM-05, IDIAP, 1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(99)00082-5","article-title":"POLYCOST: a telephone-speech database for speaker recognition","volume":"31","author":"Hennebert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Speech Communication"}],"container-title":["Information Fusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1566253502000891?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1566253502000891?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T08:19:26Z","timestamp":1733905166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1566253502000891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1566253502000891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1566-2535(02)00089-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1566-2535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1566-2535","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}}}