{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:04:39Z","timestamp":1780538679514,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1569-190x(02)00133-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,19]],"date-time":"2003-05-19T19:14:59Z","timestamp":1053371699000},"page":"91-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Modelling of knee joint muscles during the swing phase of gait\u2013\u2013a forward dynamics approach using MATLAB\/Simulink"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"C.L.","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.K.","family":"Spurgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.J.A.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Arms of the forces and elongation of the lower extremity muscles at various values of joint angles","volume":"6","author":"Aruin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Anatomy Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90310-1","article-title":"A dynamic optimization technique for predicting muscle forces in the swing phase of gait","volume":"20","author":"Davy","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/10.102791","article-title":"An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical precedures","volume":"37","author":"Delp","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199211000-00035","article-title":"Force- and moment-generating capacity of lower-extremity muscles before and after tendon lengthening","volume":"284","author":"Delp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90373-B","article-title":"Muscle fiber architecture in the human lower limb","volume":"23","author":"Friederich","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(76)90098-5","article-title":"The complete optimization of a human motion","volume":"28","author":"Hatze","year":"1976","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90304-L","article-title":"A method for determining lower extremity muscle\u2013tendon lengths during flexion\/extension movements","volume":"23","author":"Hawkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.V. Hill, The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 126, 136 (1938)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1938.0050"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.V. Hill, The abrupt transition from rest to activity in muscle, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 136, 399 (1949)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1949.0033"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70068-5","article-title":"The role of muscle weakness in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Hurley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1243\/PIME_PROC_1990_204_224_02","article-title":"The role of the quadriceps in controlling impulsive forces around heel strike","volume":"204","author":"Jefferson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.52.4.258","article-title":"Determinants of disability in osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"52","author":"McAlindon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90010-5","article-title":"Analysis and synthesis of human swing leg motion during gait and its clinical applications","volume":"14","author":"Mena","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90007-X","article-title":"Ballistic walking","volume":"13","author":"Mochon","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB15","series-title":"Gait Analysis","author":"Perry","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00144-1","article-title":"The influence of muscles on knee flexion during the swing phase of gait","volume":"29","author":"Piazza","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00083-6","article-title":"Comparison of mechanical energy expenditure of joint moments and muscle forces during human locomotion","volume":"29","author":"Prilutsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.1.1.92","article-title":"Strategy of coordination of two- and one-joint leg muscles in controlling an external force","volume":"1","author":"Prilutsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090312","article-title":"Relationship between lower limb dynamics and knee joint pain","volume":"9","author":"Radin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00107-9","article-title":"Torque action of two-joint muscles in the swing period of stiff-legged gait: a forward dynamic model analysis","volume":"31","author":"Riley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00001","article-title":"Quadriceps weakness and osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"127","author":"Slemenda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236067","article-title":"Length and moment arm of human leg muscles as a function of knee and hip-joint angles","volume":"61","author":"Visser","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198310000-00042","article-title":"Muscle architecture of the human lower limb","volume":"179","author":"Wickiewicz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB24","series-title":"The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait\u2013\u2013Normal, Elderly and Pathological","author":"Winter","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB25","unstructured":"F.E. Zajac, E.L. Topp, P.J. Stevenson, Musculotendon actuator models for use in computer studies and design of neuromuscular stimulation systems, Proc. 9th A. Conf. Rehabil. Technol. (RESNA) (1986a) 442\u2013444"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB26","unstructured":"F.E. Zajac, E.L. Topp, P.J. Stevenson, A dimensionless musculotendon model, Proc. 8th A. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. (1986b) 601\u2013604"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00133-8_BIB27","first-page":"359","article-title":"Muscle and tendon\u2013\u2013properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control","volume":"17","author":"Zajac","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cri. Rev. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569190X02001338?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569190X02001338?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T21:35:43Z","timestamp":1682458543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569190X02001338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1569190X02001338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1569-190x(02)00133-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-190X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-190X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}