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Multiple factors including the reliability of measurement system, which itself must be estimated from prior experimental work, could influence design decisions. In this study, we describe how the optimal number of replicate measures (technical replicates) for each biological sample (biological replicate) can be determined. Different allocations of biological and technical replicates were evaluated by minimizing the variance of the ratio of technical variance (measurement error) to the total variance (sum of sampling error and measurement error). We demonstrate that if the number of biological replicates and the number of technical replicates per biological sample are variable, while the total number of available measures is fixed, then the optimal allocation of replicates for measurement evaluation experiments requires two technical replicates for each biological replicate. Therefore, it is recommended to use two technical replicates for each biological replicate if the goal is to evaluate the reproducibility of measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/s1672-0229(06)60033-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,30]],"date-time":"2006-11-30T15:20:04Z","timestamp":1164900004000},"page":"196-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimal Allocation of Replicates for Measurement Evaluation Studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Stanislav O.","family":"Zakharkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022 , USA"},{"name":"Solae, LLC , St. Louis, MO, 63102 , USA"}]},{"given":"Kyoungmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, CA, 95616-8638 , USA"}]},{"given":"Alfred A.","family":"Bartolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022 , USA"}]},{"given":"Grier P.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022 , USA"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022 , USA"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294-3361 , USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051008222812300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1031","article-title":"Fundamentals of experimental design for cDNA microarrays","volume":"32","author":"Churchill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. 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