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In this study, the selection pressure on HA of H5N1 influenza A virus was analyzed using bioinformatics algorithms. Most of the identified positive selection (PS) sites were found to be within or adjacent to epitope sites. Some of the identified PS sites are consistent with previous experimental studies, providing further support to the biological significance of our findings. The highest frequency of PS sites was observed in recent strains isolated during 2005\u20132007. Phylogenetic analysis was also conducted on HA sequences from various hosts. Viral drift is almost similar in both avian and human species with a progressive trend over the years. Our study reports new mutations in functional regions of HA that might provide markers for vaccine design or can be used to predict isolates of pandemic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/s1672-0229(08)60032-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]],"date-time":"2009-07-09T09:59:30Z","timestamp":1247133570000},"page":"47-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Role of Positive Selection Pressure on the Evolution of H5N1 Hemagglutinin"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Venkata R.S.K.","family":"Duvvuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disease Modeling, York Institute of Health Research, York University , Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhargavi","family":"Duvvuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University , Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfred R.","family":"Cuff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gillian E.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University , Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disease Modeling, York Institute of Health Research, York University , Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 , Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University , Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051008260157900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02502-8","article-title":"Ecology and evolution of the flu","volume":"17","author":"Earn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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