{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T17:40:04Z","timestamp":1749836404675,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780443345913"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T13:20:47Z","timestamp":1747228847000},"page":"57-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precision medicine approaches to CNS metastatic disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Toni","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meaghan","family":"Roy-O\u2019Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Nagpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30504-2","article-title":"Lazertinib in patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Results from the dose escalation and dose expansion parts of a first-in-human, open-label, multicentre, phase 1-2 study","volume":"20","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.12.113","article-title":"Osimertinib for patients with leptomeningeal metastases associated with EGFR T790M-positive advanced NSCLC: The AURA leptomeningeal metastases analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-023-00519-0","article-title":"Durable responses in patients with HER2+ breast cancer and leptomeningeal metastases treated with trastuzumab deruxtecan","volume":"9","author":"Alder","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813904","article-title":"Alpelisib for PIK3CA-mutated, hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer","volume":"380","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae071","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic and prognostic performance of CNSide\u2122 versus standard cytology for leptomeningeal disease","volume":"6","author":"Appel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2243-x","article-title":"Brain metastases after breast-conserving therapy and systemic therapy: Incidence and characteristics by biologic subtype","volume":"136","author":"Arvold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02961","article-title":"Sequencing of Ipilimumab plus nivolumab and encorafenib plus binimetinib for untreated BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma (SECOMBIT): A randomized, three-arm, open-label phase II trial","volume":"41","author":"Ascierto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01763","article-title":"Combination dabrafenib and trametinib versus combination nivolumab and ipilimumab for patients with advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma: The DREAMseq trial-ECOG-ACRIN EA6134","volume":"41","author":"Atkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70432-1","article-title":"Lapatinib plus capecitabine in patients with previously untreated brain metastases from HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (LANDSCAPE): A single-group phase 2 study","volume":"14","author":"Bachelot","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2023.101377","article-title":"Radiation therapy in the management of leptomeningeal disease from solid tumors","volume":"9","author":"Barbour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Radiation Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04615-4","article-title":"Prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid tumor cell count in leptomeningeal disease from solid tumors","volume":"167","author":"Barbour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00920","article-title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan versus chemotherapy in previously treated inoperable\/metastatic hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer: Primary results from TROPION-breast01","volume":"43","author":"Bardia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.12.149","article-title":"Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the metropolitan detroit cancer surveillance system","volume":"22","author":"Barnholtz-Sloan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01935-8","article-title":"Trastuzumabderuxtecan in HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases: A single-arm, phase 2 trial","author":"Bartsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartsch, R., et al. 187P stage I results of a phase II study of datopotamab deruxtecan (DATO-DXd) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (pts) with active brain metastases (TUXEDO-2). ESMO Open, 9, 103209.","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103209"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-020-00702-4","article-title":"Brain penetration of lorlatinib: Cumulative incidences of CNS and non-CNS progression with lorlatinib in patients with previously treated ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Targeted Oncology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11436","article-title":"Central nervous system metastases in women who receive trastuzumab-based therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma","volume":"97","author":"Bendell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3847","article-title":"Vemurafenib: The first drug approved for BRAF-mutant cancer","volume":"11","author":"Bollag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","article-title":"Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2962","article-title":"Central nervous system metastases in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: Incidence, treatment, and survival in patients from register","volume":"17","author":"Brufsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01224","article-title":"Radiotherapy in leptomeningeal disease: A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized trials","volume":"9","author":"Buszek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox077","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of systemic malignancy: A population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Cagney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camidge, D. R., Kim, H. R., Ahn, M. J., Yang, J. C., Han, J. Y., Lee, J. S., ... Popat, S. (2018). Brigatinib versus Crizotinib in ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379(21), 2027\u20132039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1810171. Epub 2018 Sep 25. PMID: 30280657.","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib24","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1810171"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.04.028","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery combined with anti-PD1 for the management of melanoma brain metastases: A retrospective study of safety and efficacy","volume":"135","author":"Carron","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32833de986","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"22","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Oncology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70263-3","article-title":"Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181dbb77e","article-title":"HER-3 overexpression is prognostic of reduced breast cancer survival: A study of 4046 patients","volume":"251","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.11.025","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 study of lazertinib 240 mg in patients with advanced EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC after previous EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02554-7","article-title":"Amivantamab plus lazertinib in osimertinib-relapsed EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A phase 1 trial","volume":"29","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403614","article-title":"Amivantamab plus lazertinib in previously untreated EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC","volume":"391","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1838","article-title":"ASCEND-7: Efficacy and safety of ceritinib treatment in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer metastatic to the brain and\/or leptomeninges","volume":"28","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008354323167","article-title":"Phase II study of temozolomide in heavily pretreated cancer patients with brain metastases","volume":"12","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology \/ ESMO"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181dc1a69","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases in the MRI era","volume":"74","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202809","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"387","author":"Cortes","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.01.016","article-title":"Ribociclib plusletrozole in subgroups of special clinical interest with hormonereceptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advancedbreast cancer: Subgroup analysis of the phase IIIb Compleement-1 trial","volume":"62","author":"Cottu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.12.025","article-title":"Nivolumab and brain metastases in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"129","author":"Crin\u00f2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25634","article-title":"Prognostic factors for survival in melanoma patients with brain metastases","volume":"117","author":"Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30429-1","article-title":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAFV600-mutant melanoma brain metastases (COMBI-MB): A multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"18","author":"Davies","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos152","article-title":"Toward determining the lifetime occurrence of metastatic brain tumors estimated from 2007 United States cancer incidence data","volume":"14","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8839","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9839","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid-derived circulating tumour DNA better represents the genomic alterations of brain tumours than plasma","volume":"6","author":"De Mattos-Arruda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-024-01565-7","article-title":"Sacituzumab govitecan in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer patients treated at Institut Curie Hospitals: Efficacy, safety, and impact of brain metastases","volume":"31","author":"De Moura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer (Tokyo, Japan)"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005956925637","article-title":"Current diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"38","author":"DeAngelis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2854","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier and cancer: Transporters, treatment, and Trojan horses","volume":"13","author":"Deeken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70017","article-title":"Repotrectinib: Redefining the therapeutic landscape for patients with ROS1 fusion-driven non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Desilets","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical and Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1046","article-title":"Primary analysis and 4-year follow-up of the phase III NIBIT-M2 trial in melanoma patients with brain metastases","volume":"27","author":"Di Giacomo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-03949-1","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of circulating tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid as a clinical tool to predict survival in leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"157","author":"Diaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30312-1","article-title":"Trastuzumab emtansine versus capecitabine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (EMILIA): A descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Di\u00e9ras","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab274","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive primary central nervous system tumors","volume":"24","author":"Doz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2022.100332","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of entrectinib in ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC","volume":"3","author":"Drilon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JTO Clinical and Research Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302299","article-title":"Repotrectinib in ROS1 fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"390","author":"Drilon","year":"2024","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.11.002","article-title":"Vemurafenib in patients with BRAF(V600) mutation-positive melanoma with symptomatic brain metastases: Final results of an open-label pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Dummer","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00334-0","article-title":"Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib in patients with melanoma with CNS metastases (TRICOTEL): A multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"24","author":"Dummer","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01511","article-title":"TBCRC 022: A phase ii trial of neratinib and capecitabine for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and brain metastases","volume":"37","author":"Freedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaa064","article-title":"The impact of EGFR mutation status and single brain metastasis on the survival of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases","volume":"2","author":"Fujita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.12.017","article-title":"Atezolizumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and history of asymptomatic, treated brain metastases: Exploratory analyses of the phase III OAK study","volume":"128","author":"Gadgeel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03136","article-title":"Updated analysis from KEYNOTE-189: Pembrolizumab or placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum for previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"38","author":"Gadgeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib58","article-title":"Amivantamab plus lazertinib vs osimertinib in first-line EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC: Longer follow-up of the MARIPOSA study","author":"Gadgeel","year":"2024","journal-title":"IASLC WCLC"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801005","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"378","author":"Gandhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.198","article-title":"Activating and resistance mutations of EGFR in non-small-cell lung cancer: Role in clinical response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"Gazdar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib61","first-page":"3394","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) to intrathecal methotrexate in patients with neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors","volume":"5","author":"Glantz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02170-x","article-title":"Concurrentintrathecal and intravenous nivolumab in leptomeningeal disease: Phase 1 trialinterim results","author":"Glitza Oliva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091098","article-title":"Real-world outcomes in patients with melanoma brain metastasis: A US multisite retrospective chart review study of systemic treatments","volume":"15","author":"Glitza Oliva","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30053-5","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for patients with melanoma or non-small-cell lung cancer and untreated brain metastases: Early analysis of a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"17","author":"Goldberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30111-X","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for management of patients with NSCLC and brain metastases: Long-term results and biomarker analysis from a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaa125","article-title":"Dose escalation of osimertinib for intracranial progression in EGFR mutated non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastases","volume":"2","author":"Goldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Advances"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.08.002","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pralsetinib in RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer including as first-line therapy: Update from the ARROW trial","volume":"33","author":"Griesinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology\/ESMO"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.3.561","article-title":"Randomized prospective comparison of intraventricular methotrexate and thiotepa in patients with previously untreated neoplastic meningitis. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group","volume":"11","author":"Grossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03261-7","article-title":"Trastuzumabderuxtecan in HER2-positive advanced breast cancer with or without brainmetastases: A phase 3b\/4 trial","author":"Harbeck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9009","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.9009","article-title":"JNJ-61186372 (JNJ-372), an EGFR-cMet bispecific antibody, in EGFR-driven advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)","volume":"37","author":"Haura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr1909386","article-title":"HER2 and breast cancer - a phenomenal success story","volume":"381","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8517","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.8517","article-title":"A phase 2 study of amivantamab plus lazertinib in patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancer and active central nervous system disease","volume":"42","author":"Helena Alexandra","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910231","article-title":"Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"381","author":"Hellmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10089","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30565-2","article-title":"Alectinib versus crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (J-ALEX): An open-label, randomised phase 3 trial","volume":"390","author":"Hida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10371","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02420-5","article-title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan versus trastuzumab emtansine in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: Updated results from DESTINY-Breast03, a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"401","author":"Hurvitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-024-00635-5","article-title":"Subgroup analyses from the phase 3 ASCENT study of sacituzumab govitecan in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Hurvitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurvitz S.A., Kim S.B., Chung W.P., Im S.A., Park Y.H., Hegg R., ... Cort\u00e9s J. (2024). Trastuzumab deruxtecan versus trastuzumab emtansine in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients with brain metastases from the randomized DESTINY-Breast03 trial. ESMO Open, 9(5), 102924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.102924. Epub 2024 Apr 24. PMID: 38796287; PMCID: PMC11145752.","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.102924"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2013.08.016","article-title":"Phase II trial of gefitinib alone without radiation therapy for Japanese patients with brain metastases from EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"82","author":"Iuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2886","article-title":"A phase I trial of high dose gefitinib for patients with leptomeningeal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Jackman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02219","article-title":"CNS efficacy of osimertinib with or without chemotherapy in epidermal growth factor Receptor-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"42","author":"J\u00e4nne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-20-379","article-title":"The different central nervous system efficacy among gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational Lung Cancer Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061884","article-title":"Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) in patients with melanoma metastases","volume":"15","author":"Khaled","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-024-00711-w","article-title":"Multi-institutional report of trastuzumab deruxtecan and stereotactic radiosurgery for HER2 positive and HER2-low breast cancer brain metastases","volume":"10","author":"Khatri","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00204","article-title":"Long-term survival of patients with melanoma with active brain metastases treated with pembrolizumab on a phase II trial","volume":"37","author":"Kluger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04681-8","article-title":"Impact of concurrent antibody-drug conjugates and radiotherapy on symptomatic radiation necrosis in breast cancer patients with brain metastases: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"168","author":"Koide","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1159\/000525341","article-title":"Sotorasib shows intracranial activity in patients with KRAS G12C-mutated adenocarcinoma of the lung and untreated active brain metastases","volume":"15","author":"Koster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Reports in Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu486","article-title":"Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) versus lapatinib plus capecitabine in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and central nervous system metastases: A retrospective, exploratory analysis in EMILIA","volume":"26","author":"Krop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology \/ ESMO"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00882","article-title":"Patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd), a human epidermal growth factor receptor 3-directed antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with previously treated human epidermal growth factor receptor 3-expressing metastatic breast cancer: A multicenter, phase I\/II trial","volume":"41","author":"Krop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa285","article-title":"The incidence of brain metastases among patients with metastatic breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Kuksis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1055-0","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pemetrexed in patients with brain or leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"112","author":"Kumthekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac195","article-title":"A phase I\/II study of intrathecal trastuzumab in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2-positive) cancer with leptomeningeal metastases: Safety, efficacy, and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics","volume":"25","author":"Kumthekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1402651","article-title":"The HER2 flip-HER2 amplification of tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal disease: Implications for treating the LM tumor with anti-HER2 therapy","volume":"14","author":"Kumthekar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i11","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae090.033","article-title":"BMRK-13 CSF tumor cell (CSF-TC) detection, quantification and biomarker assessment helps in clinical management of breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer patients having leptomeningeal disease (foresee study, NCT05414123)","volume":"6","author":"Kumthekar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Advances"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab101","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease","volume":"23","author":"Lamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac249","article-title":"Incidence proportion and prognosis of leptomeningeal disease among patients with breast vs. non-breast primaries","volume":"25","author":"Lamba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30498-3","article-title":"Carboplatin and pemetrexed with or without pembrolizumab for advanced, non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomised, phase 2 cohort of the open-label KEYNOTE-021 study","volume":"17","author":"Langer","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-2733","article-title":"Tepotinib efficacy and safety in patients with MET exon 14 skipping NSCLC: Outcomes in patient subgroups from the VISION study with relevance for clinical practice","volume":"28","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4492","article-title":"Symptomatic necrosis with antibody-drug conjugates and concurrent stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases","volume":"9","author":"Lebow","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04413-4","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition and single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery in brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: An international multicenter study of 395 patients","volume":"165","author":"Lehrer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0573-8","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms to osimertinib in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"121","author":"Leonetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.06.029","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases in patients with NSCLC with EGFR mutations","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.592796","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery with concurrent immunotherapy in melanoma brain metastases is feasible and effective","volume":"10","author":"Liermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.02.006","article-title":"Acquired resistance to EGFR targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"65","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treatment Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.107293","article-title":"KRAS G12C in advanced NSCLC: Prevalence, co-mutations, and testing","volume":"184","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox066","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumor cells: A novel tool to diagnose leptomeningeal metastases from epithelial tumors","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00775","article-title":"Intracranial efficacy and survival with tucatinib plus trastuzumab and capecitabine for previously treated HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases in the HER2CLIMB trial","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-023-00587-2","article-title":"Pertuzumab plus high-dose trastuzumab for HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases: PATRICIA final efficacy data","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70431-X","article-title":"Dabrafenib in patients with Val600Glu or Val600Lys BRAF-mutant melanoma metastatic to the brain (BREAK-MB): A multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30139-6","article-title":"Combination nivolumab and ipilimumab or nivolumab alone in melanoma brain metastases: A multicentre randomised phase 2 study","volume":"19","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.1040","article-title":"Preclinical and early clinical data of ZN-1041, a best-in-class BBB penetrable HER2 inhibitor to treat breast cancer with CNS metastases","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.69.7144","article-title":"Management of brain metastases in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-na\u00efve epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective multi-institutional analysis","volume":"35","author":"Magnuson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03555-z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumor cells as a quantifiable measurement of leptomeningeal metastases in patients with HER2 positive cancer","volume":"148","author":"Malani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae116","article-title":"Encorafenib and binimetinib followed by radiotherapy for patients with BRAFV600-mutant melanoma and brain metastases (E-BRAIN\/GEM1802 phase II study)","volume":"26","author":"M\u00e1rquez-Rodas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04651-0","article-title":"Improved outcomes for triple negative breast cancer brain metastases patients after stereotactic radiosurgery and new systemic approaches","volume":"168","author":"Mashiach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw641","article-title":"Vemurafenib in metastatic melanoma patients with brain metastases: An open-label, single-arm, phase 2, multicentre study","volume":"28","author":"McArthur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology\/ESMO"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae033","article-title":"POLARIS: A phase 2 trial of encorafenib plus binimetinib evaluating high-dose and standard-dose regimens in patients with BRAF V600-mutant melanoma with brain metastasis","volume":"6","author":"Menzies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0588-y","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery combined with nivolumab or Ipilimumab for patients with melanoma brain metastases: Evaluation of brain control and toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Minniti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.06.020","article-title":"Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and brain metastases: Exploratory final analysis of cohort 1 from KAMILLA, a single-arm phase IIIb clinical trial\u2606","volume":"31","author":"Montemurro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology\/ESMO"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3182398e4f","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: Survival and the impact of whole brain radiotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae041","article-title":"Executive summary of the American Radium Society appropriate use criteria for brain metastases in epidermal growth factor receptor mutated-mutated and ALK-fusion non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"26","author":"Nagpal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-024-01614-1","article-title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer with brain and\/or leptomeningeal metastases: An updated overall survival analysis using data from a multicenter retrospective study (ROSET-BM)","volume":"31","author":"Nakayama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer (Tokyo, Japan)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.394","article-title":"Standard-dose osimertinib for refractory leptomeningeal metastases in T790M-positive EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"118","author":"Nanjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.20.00629","article-title":"Assessment of brain metastasis at diagnosis in non-small-cell lung cancer: A prospective observational study from North India","volume":"7","author":"Naresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCO Global Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-011-0203-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain metastases","volume":"14","author":"Nayak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Oncology Reports"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828f183f","article-title":"Rare cell capture technology for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis in solid tumors","volume":"80","author":"Nayak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00046","article-title":"Intracranial efficacy of adagrasib in patients from the KRYSTAL-1 trial with KRASG12C-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer who have untreated CNS metastases","volume":"41","author":"Negrao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1869","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2020-0640","article-title":"Erlotinib for non-small cell lung cancer with leptomeningeal metastases: A phase II study (LOGIK1101)","volume":"25","author":"Nosaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.2018","article-title":"Tucatinib-trastuzumab-capecitabine for treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis in HER2+ breast cancer: TBCRC049 phase 2 study results","volume":"42","author":"O.'Brien","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-21-0206","article-title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan, a novel TROP2-directed antibody-drug conjugate, demonstrates potent antitumor activity by efficient drug delivery to tumor cells","volume":"20","author":"Okajima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Cancer Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2012.12.006","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and treatment practice patterns of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer in the post-trastuzumab era","volume":"22","author":"Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt036","article-title":"Incidence and risk of central nervous system metastases as site of first recurrence in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant trastuzumab","volume":"24","author":"Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology \/ ESMO"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib131","first-page":"27","article-title":"Brain metastases: Epidemiology","volume":"149","author":"Ostrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1585","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer and current landscape of treatments","volume":"29","author":"Ozcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004407","article-title":"Tepotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping mutations","volume":"383","author":"Paik","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn539","article-title":"Trastuzumab treatment beyond brain progression in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology \/ ESMO"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.07.001","article-title":"The incidence of brain metastases in stage IV ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer and rate of central nervous system progression on crizotinib","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30641-0","article-title":"First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): An international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115253","article-title":"Survival improvements in patients with melanoma brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease in the modern era: Insights from a nationwide study (2015-2022)","volume":"217","author":"Pedersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.66.6487","article-title":"Evaluating cancer of the central nervous system through next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"34","author":"Pentsova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac144","article-title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with central nervous system involvement from HER2-positive breast cancer: The DEBBRAH trial","volume":"25","author":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.11.2349","article-title":"Trastuzumab in CSF","volume":"18","author":"Pestalozzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704795","article-title":"Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"377","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02668","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors with and without up-front stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from EGFR and ALK oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer (TURBO-NSCLC)","volume":"42","author":"Pike","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib143","first-page":"579","article-title":"Intracranial metastases from systemic cancer","volume":"19","author":"Posner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33196","article-title":"Response rate and local recurrence after concurrent immune checkpoint therapy and radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma brain metastases","volume":"126","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1215\/15228517-2007-058","article-title":"Brain and leptomeningeal metastases from cutaneous melanoma: Survival outcomes based on clinical features","volume":"10","author":"Raizer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606774","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"375","author":"Reck","year":"2016","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.04.021","article-title":"Systemic and intracranial outcomes with first-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with metastatic NSCLC and baseline brain metastases from CheckMate 227 part 1","volume":"18","author":"Reck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.3118","article-title":"CNS response to osimertinib versus standard epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","author":"Reungwetwattana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.04.008","article-title":"Pemetrexed plus platinum with or without pembrolizumab in patients with previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC: Protocol-specified final analysis from KEYNOTE-189","volume":"32","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Abreu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology \/ ESMO"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04788-y","article-title":"Durable responses to trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with leptomeningeal metastases from breast cancer with variable HER2 expression","volume":"170","author":"Rogawski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.19.00009","article-title":"Larotrectinib demonstrates CNS efficacy in TRK fusion-positive solid tumors","author":"Rosen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCO Precision Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2016.11.005","article-title":"Comprehensive genomic sequencing and the molecular profiles of clinically advanced breast cancer","volume":"49","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-023-01432-2","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic updates in leptomeningeal disease","volume":"25","author":"Roy-O'Reilly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Oncology Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.46.5773","article-title":"Vemurafenib for leptomeningeal melanomatosis","volume":"31","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2015.11.014","article-title":"First-line afatinib versus chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and common epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and brain metastases","volume":"11","author":"Schuler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30655-2","article-title":"Lorlatinib in advanced ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: A multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2 trial","volume":"20","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.07.1143","article-title":"Central nervous system efficacy of furmonertinib (AST2818) versus gefitinib as first-line treatment for EGFR-mutated NSCLC: Results from the FURLONG study","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2024.100730","article-title":"Intracranial response to selpercatinib after pralsetinib-induced disease progression in rearranged during transfection fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: Case report","volume":"5","author":"Smesseim","year":"2024","journal-title":"JTO Clinical and Research Reports"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716948","article-title":"Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC","volume":"378","author":"Socinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.5888","article-title":"Intracranial efficacy of crizotinib versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: Results from PROFILE 1014","volume":"34","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00437-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of first-line lorlatinib versus crizotinib in patients with advanced, ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: Updated analysis of data from the phase 3, randomised, open-label CROWN study","volume":"11","author":"Solomon","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713137","article-title":"Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"378","author":"Soria","year":"2018","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cad.0000236313.50833.ee","article-title":"Ratio of trastuzumab levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid is altered in HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastases and impairment of blood-brain barrier","volume":"18","author":"Stemmler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4160","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0800","article-title":"Intracranial efficacy of selpercatinib in RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancers on the LIBRETTO-001 trial","volume":"27","author":"Subbiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.29.6053","article-title":"Phase III trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation compared with observation in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Neurocognitive and quality-of-life analysis","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib166","first-page":"4177","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid penetration rate and efficacy of afatinib in patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: A multicenter prospective study","volume":"37","author":"Tamiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041416","article-title":"Brain metastases in lung cancers with emerging targetable fusion drivers","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00545-3","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of patients with active melanoma brain metastases treated with combination nivolumab plus ipilimumab (CheckMate 204): Final results of an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study","volume":"22","author":"Tawbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092635","article-title":"Impact of new systemic treatment and radiotherapy in melanoma patients with leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"12","author":"T\u00e9tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.08.009","article-title":"Brain metastases in EGFR- and ALK-positive NSCLC: Outcomes of central nervous system-penetrant tyrosine kinase inhibitors alone versus in combination with radiation","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-1764","article-title":"A phase II study of abemaciclib in patients with brain metastases secondary to hormone receptor-positive breast cancer","author":"Tolaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2020.08.017","article-title":"Control and toxicity in melanoma versus other brain metastases in response to combined radiosurgery and PD-(L)1 immune checkpoint inhibition","volume":"6","author":"Travis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Radiation Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.100790","article-title":"Targeting HER3 for cancer treatment: A new horizon for an old target","volume":"8","author":"Uliano","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103699","article-title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with previously treated HER2-low advanced breast cancer and active brain metastases: the DEBBRAH trial","volume":"9","author":"Vaz Batista","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.08.001","article-title":"The DEBBRAH trial: Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive and HER2-low breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"6","author":"Vaz Batista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1124167","article-title":"Guidance for clinicians and patients with non-small cell lung cancer in the time of precision medicine","volume":"13","author":"Villaruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02314","article-title":"Treatment for brain metastases: ASCO-SNO-ASTRO guideline","volume":"40","author":"Vogelbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib178","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Pharmacologic characterization of CT-711, a novel dual inhibitor of ALK and c-Met","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Cancer Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.01.007","article-title":"Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis at presentation","volume":"19","author":"Waqar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<759::AID-CNCR2820490427>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: Experience with 90 patients","volume":"49","author":"Wasserstrom","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.20040","article-title":"Detection of leptomeningeal disease using cell-free DNA from cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"4","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae103","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology and American Society of Clinical Oncology consensus review on clinical management and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Wilcox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002787","article-title":"Capmatinib in MET exon 14-mutated or MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"383","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.02864","article-title":"Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: ASCO-College of American Pathologists Guideline Update","volume":"41","author":"Wolff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds529","article-title":"Erlotinib as second-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and asymptomatic brain metastases: A phase II study (CTONG-0803)","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology \/ ESMO"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.77.9363","article-title":"CNS efficacy of osimertinib in patients with T790M-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Data from a randomized phase III trial (AURA3)","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30262-X","article-title":"Icotinib versus whole-brain irradiation in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer and multiple brain metastases (BRAIN): A multicentre, phase 3, open-label, parallel, randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00457","article-title":"Osimertinib in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer and leptomeningeal metastases: The BLOOM study","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa152","article-title":"Clinical trial of proton craniospinal irradiation for leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01148","article-title":"Randomized phase II trial of proton craniospinal irradiation versus photon involved-field radiotherapy for patients with solid tumor leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01538-w","article-title":"Envonalkib versus crizotinib for treatment-naive ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: A randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase III trial","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021030","article-title":"Trastuzumab in the adjuvant treatment of HER2-positive early breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-023-01679-4","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical activity of DZD1516, a full blood-brain barrier-penetrant, highly selective HER2 inhibitor","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Research: BCR"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04843-8","article-title":"Intrathecal anti-PD-1treatment in metastatic melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD): Real-world data and evidence","author":"Zhen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2016.04.003","article-title":"Impact of whole brain radiation therapy on CSF penetration ability of Icotinib in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases: Results of phase I dose-escalation study","volume":"96","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.09.002","article-title":"First-line zorifertinib for EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer with central nervous system metastases: The phase 3 EVEREST trial","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou C., Kim S.W., Reungwetwattana T., Zhou J., Zhang Y., He J., ... Zhang L. (2019). Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated Asian patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ALESIA): a randomised phase 3 study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 7(5), 437\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30053-0. Epub 2019 Apr 10. PMID: 30981696.","key":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005_bib197","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30053-0"}],"container-title":["Advances in Cancer Research","Cerebral Metastases: Translational Advances, Evaluation and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0065230X25000053?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0065230X25000053?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T17:06:55Z","timestamp":1749834415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0065230X25000053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9780443345913"],"references-count":197,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.acr.2025.04.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-230X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0065-230X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}