{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:02:27Z","timestamp":1789660947995,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780443470684","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:26:36Z","timestamp":1788470796000},"page":"65-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Zoonotic babesiosis: A One Health menace"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Souti Prasad","family":"Sarkhel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Brahma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnendu","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0179-z","article-title":"Hematologic manifestations of babesiosis","volume":"16","author":"Akel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0002","first-page":"15","article-title":"Atypical challenging and first case report of babesiosis in Ecuador","volume":"4","author":"Al Zoubi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ID Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0209","article-title":"An alternative combination therapy with metronidazole, clindamycin and doxycycline for Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) in dogs in Hong Kong","volume":"82","author":"Almendros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.180180","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of babesiosis as Malaria, Equatorial Guinea, 2014","volume":"24","author":"Arsuaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.02.018","article-title":"A fatal case of Babesia divergens infection in Northwestern Spain","volume":"9","author":"Asensi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0006","unstructured":"ASH Clinical News. (2021) The cold hard facts about warm antibody hemolytic anemia. https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/ashclinicalnews\/news\/1466\/The-Cold-Hard-Facts-About-Warm-Antibody-Hemolytic (Accessed 4 July 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2025.10016","article-title":"Human babesiosis: the past, present and future","volume":"27","author":"Asquith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0008","first-page":"479","article-title":"Theobald Smith-the discoverer of ticks as vectors of disease","volume":"114","author":"Assadian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05019-3","article-title":"The specificity of Babesia-tick vector interactions: recent advances and pitfalls in molecular and field studies","volume":"14","author":"Bajer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050945","article-title":"Babesiosis in Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Europe: an emerging and re-emerging tick-borne disease of humans and animals","volume":"10","author":"Bajer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200208293470921","article-title":"Acute babesiosis caused by Babesia divergens in a resident of Kentucky","volume":"347","author":"Beattie","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137731","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Babesia microti in BALB\/c mice: preliminary report","volume":"10","author":"Bednarska","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/144.5.481","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of human babesiosis","volume":"144","author":"Benach","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3220-6","article-title":"Low-virulent Babesia venatorum infection masquerading as hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Bl\u00e4ckberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0012","article-title":"Babesia microti and malaria infection in Africa: a pilot serosurvey in Kilosa district, Tanzania","volume":"99","author":"Bloch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030102","article-title":"Persistence of Babesia microti infection in humans","volume":"8","author":"Bloch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12648","article-title":"A pilot serosurvey of Babesia microti in Chinese blood donors","volume":"113","author":"Bloch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9563(98)90089-9","article-title":"Life-threatening babesiosis in an asplenic patient treated with exchange transfusion, azithromycin, and atovaquone","volume":"27","author":"Bonoan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2211.151028","article-title":"Transmission of Babesia microti parasites by solid organ transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/209521","article-title":"The first case of locally acquired tick-borne Babesia microti infection in Canada","volume":"25","author":"Bullard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix216","article-title":"Possible transfusion-transmitted Babesia divergens\u2013like\/MO-1 infection in an Arkansas patient","volume":"64","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1981.21281178156.x","article-title":"Red cell exchange: treatment of babesiosis in a splenectomized patient","volume":"21","author":"Cahill","year":"1981","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01074.x","article-title":"A fatal case of human babesiosis in Portugal: molecular and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"8","author":"Centeno-Lima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39960","article-title":"Persistent human babesiosis with low-grade parasitemia, challenges for clinical diagnosis and management","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.176","article-title":"Spreading of human babesiosis in China: current epidemiological status and future challenges","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06250-9","article-title":"Human babesiosis in China: a systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.14","article-title":"Babesia microti infection in man: evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test","volume":"27","author":"Chisholm","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.921","article-title":"Indirect immunofluorescence test for human Babesia microti infection: antigenic specificity","volume":"35","author":"Chisholm","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.03.008","article-title":"Description of Babesia duncani n.sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae) from humans and its differentiation from other piroplasms","volume":"36","author":"Conrad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-025-05466-x","article-title":"Babesiosis-induced warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, from infection to hemolysis: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Davison","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0030","first-page":"4","article-title":"A case of babesiosis in a returning traveller","volume":"39","author":"Donald","year":"2024","journal-title":"South. Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0031","first-page":"1851","article-title":"Two tick-borne diseases in one: a case report of concurrent babesiosis and Lyme disease in Ontario","volume":"160","author":"Dos Santos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01268-22","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted Babesia spp.: a changing landscape of epidemiology, regulation, and risk mitigation","volume":"61","author":"Drews","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0033","first-page":"265","article-title":"Egyptian human babesiosis and general review","volume":"38","author":"El-Bahnasawy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0034","first-page":"99","article-title":"Babesiosis in an Egyptian boy aquired from pet dog, and a general review","volume":"41","author":"El-Bahnasawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80552-8","article-title":"Transplacental\/perinatal babesiosis","volume":"110","author":"Esernio-Jenssen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15336","article-title":"No evidence for widespread Babesia microti transmission in Australia","volume":"59","author":"Faddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109433","article-title":"A historical review of Babesia spp. associated with deer in Europe: Babesia divergens\/Babesia divergens-like, Babesia capreoli, Babesia venatorum, Babesia cf. odocoilei","volume":"294","author":"Fanelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2016.04.002","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted Babesia microti","volume":"30","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/217861a0","article-title":"Human case of piroplasmosis (Babesiosis)","volume":"217","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.010459","article-title":"Entomologic and serologic evidence of zoonotic transmission of Babesia microti, Eastern Switzerland","volume":"8","author":"Foppa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328358349a","article-title":"First reported case of imported human Babesia microti infection in Australia","volume":"44","author":"Fuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.150195","article-title":"Human Babesiosis, Bolivia, 2013","volume":"22","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1118","article-title":"Case report: a fatal case of babesiosis in a splenectomized male patient from Western India","volume":"106","author":"Godbole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003822","article-title":"What is Babesia microti?","volume":"127","author":"Goethert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.455","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of Babesia divergens among cottontail rabbits on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts","volume":"69","author":"Goethert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.249480","article-title":"Babesiosis prevalence in malaria-endemic regions of Colombia","volume":"55","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.02.005","article-title":"First report of Babesia divergens infection in an HIV patient","volume":"33","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2004.131409","article-title":"Severe babesiosis in immunocompetent man, Spain, 2011","volume":"20","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813307","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"92","author":"Gorenflot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.190459","article-title":"Sheep as host species for zoonotic Babesia venatorum, United Kingdom","volume":"25","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.01.029","article-title":"Identity of the causal agents of human babesiosis in Europe","volume":"296","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02479-10","article-title":"Diverse Borrelia burgdorferi strains in a bird-tick cryptic cycle","volume":"77","author":"Hamer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0053","first-page":"6","article-title":"Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) uncommonly found biting humans in North Carolina","volume":"22","author":"Harrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.01.002","article-title":"First case of human babesiosis in Germany\u2014clinical presentation and molecular characterisation of the pathogen","volume":"297","author":"H\u00e4selbarth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.180309","article-title":"Probable locally acquired Babesia divergens\u2013like infection in woman, Michigan, USA","volume":"24","author":"Herc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.020748","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a non\u2013Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Herwaldt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030377","article-title":"Babesia divergens\u2013like infection, Washington State","volume":"10","author":"Herwaldt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00004","article-title":"A fatal case of babesiosis in Missouri: identification of another piroplasm that infects humans","volume":"124","author":"Herwaldt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020323","article-title":"Characteristics of human babesiosis in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0526-8","article-title":"Human babesiosis in Europe: what clinicians need to know","volume":"41","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091165","article-title":"Human babesiosis in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.077","article-title":"Phylogenetic and biologic evidence that Babesia divergens is not endemic in the United States","volume":"1081","author":"Holman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0984-5","article-title":"Ribosomal RNA analysis of Babesia odocoilei isolates from farmed reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) in Wisconsin","volume":"91","author":"Holman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3995-4001.2005","article-title":"In vitro cultivation of a zoonotic Babesia sp. isolated from eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts","volume":"43","author":"Holman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.865","article-title":"Comparative infectivity of Babesia divergens and a zoonotic Babesia divergens\u2013like parasite in cattle","volume":"73","author":"Holman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451","article-title":"Babesiosis","volume":"13","author":"Homer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.4.443","article-title":"Molecular detection and seroprevalence of Babesia microti among stock farmers in Khutul city, Selenge province, Mongolia","volume":"52","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1622997","article-title":"Detection and characterization of an emerging type of Babesia sp. similar to Babesia motasi for the first case of human babesiosis and ticks in Korea","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0069","first-page":"950","article-title":"Serologic survey for human babesiosis on Taiwan. Taiwan yi xue hui za zhi","volume":"76","author":"Hsu","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0070","first-page":"1","article-title":"Successful treatment with doxycycline monotherapy for human infection with Babesia venatorum (Babesiidae, Sporozoa) in China: a case report and proposal for a clinical regimen","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.001","article-title":"Babesiosis: Recent insights into an ancient disease","volume":"38","author":"Hunfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2431-2436.2002","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Babesia infections in humans exposed to ticks in midwestern Germany","volume":"40","author":"Hunfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010023","article-title":"A review of zoonotic babesiosis as an emerging public health threat in Asia","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.8.3494-3498.2003","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of Babesia species in Japan performed with specimens from ticks collected from dogs and detection of new Babesia DNA closely related to Babesia odocoilei and Babesia divergens DNA","volume":"41","author":"Inokuma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198011063031906","article-title":"Treatment of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis by exchange transfusion","volume":"303","author":"Jacoby","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy212","article-title":"Human babesiosis caused by a Babesia crassa\u2013like pathogen: a case series","volume":"67","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71046-1","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of 48 cases of \u201cBabesia venatorum\u201d infection in China: a descriptive study","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1808.110988","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Babesia microti, United States","volume":"18","author":"Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0079","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in Ontario: first reported case in Canada","volume":"164","author":"Kain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26734","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis leading to severe hemolysis in two patients with sickle cell anemia","volume":"65","author":"Karkoska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.07.016","article-title":"Babesia species in questing Ixodes ricinus, Sweden","volume":"7","author":"Karlsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2196","article-title":"Babesia occurrence in rodents in relation to landscapes of mainland Southeast Asia","volume":"18","author":"Karnchanabanthoeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14070989","article-title":"Current Status of Trypanosoma grosi and Babesia microti in small mammals in the Republic of Korea","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0084","first-page":"569","article-title":"An imported case of human babesiosis in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"1988","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01334-06","article-title":"First case of human babesiosis in Korea: detection and characterization of a novel type of Babesia sp. (KO1) similar to ovine Babesia","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12708","article-title":"Detection of US and Kobe-type Babesia microti in ticks collected from small mammals of the Republic of Korea","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00137-5","article-title":"Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease","volume":"30","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00245.x","article-title":"Investigation of transfusion transmission of a WA1-type babesial parasite to a premature infant in California","volume":"42","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118209900582X","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of human and wildlife piroplasm isolates in the western United States inferred from the 18S nuclear small subunit RNA gene","volume":"120","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/153036603765627451","article-title":"Babesiosis diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Krause","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.11.007","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"49","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1086\/525852","article-title":"Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"46","author":"Krause","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011163432004","article-title":"Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis","volume":"343","author":"Krause","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.431","article-title":"Increasing health burden of human babesiosis in endemic sites","volume":"68","author":"Krause","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1086\/339813","article-title":"Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease","volume":"34","author":"Krause","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022000439","article-title":"Extraordinary high level of propagation of Babesia divergens in severe human babesiosis","volume":"149","author":"Kukina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111447","article-title":"The global emergence of human babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0098","article-title":"Babesia duncani in culture and in mouse (ICIM) model for the advancement of Babesia biology, pathogenesis, and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1155\/1998\/564190","article-title":"First case of (imported) babesiosis diagnosed in Canada","volume":"9","author":"Kunimoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.6.609","article-title":"Two imported cases of babesiosis with complication or co-infection with Lyme disease in Republic of Korea","volume":"56","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.162490","article-title":"Morphology, epidemiology, and phylogeny of Babesia: an overview","volume":"5","author":"Laha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.07.004","article-title":"A retrospective serological survey on human babesiosis in Belgium","volume":"21","author":"Lempereur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000287","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis: is it time to screen the blood supply?","volume":"23","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0104","series-title":"Babesia","author":"Liu","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2608389","article-title":"Congenital babesiosis in China: first molecularly confirmed case of vertical transmission of Babesia microti","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.62","article-title":"Clinical studies of atovaquone, alone or in combination with other antimalarial drugs, for treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in Thailand","volume":"54","author":"Looareesuwan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.2920080205","article-title":"Treatment of babesiosis by red blood cell exchange in an HIV-positive, splenectomized patient","volume":"8","author":"Machtinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0121-1","article-title":"A case of human infection with a novel Babesia species in China","volume":"5","author":"Man","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02536-6","article-title":"Human babesiosis\u2014a case report","volume":"23","author":"Marathe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020092","article-title":"Challenges in tick-borne pathogen detection: the case for Babesia spp. identification in the tick vector","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.100737","article-title":"Babesiosis in immunocompetent patients, Europe","volume":"17","author":"Martinot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0112","first-page":"52","article-title":"Babesia odocoilei as a cause of mortality in captive cervids in Canada","volume":"59","author":"Mathieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0113","first-page":"628","article-title":"First documentation of transfusion-associated babesiosis in Japan","volume":"41","author":"Matsui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60285-7","article-title":"The piroplasms: life cycle and sexual stages","volume":"23","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140332","article-title":"Babesiosis occurrence among the elderly in the United States, as recorded in large Medicare databases during 2006\u20132013","volume":"10","author":"Menis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.02.016","article-title":"Babesia odocoilei and zoonotic pathogens identified from Ixodes scapularis ticks in southern Ontario, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Milnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-017-0095-6","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with babesiosis","volume":"5","author":"Narurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0118","article-title":"Fatal acute babesiosis associated with Babesia venatorum infection (Babesia sp. EU1) in a captive reindeer calf in Switzerland","volume":"18","author":"Novacco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00045-4","article-title":"A subtropical case of human babesiosis","volume":"67","author":"Olmeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-015-0025-z","article-title":"Human babesiosis: pathogens, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Ord","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(76)90057-1","article-title":"Isolation of Babesia spp. from asymptomatic human beings","volume":"2","author":"Osorno","year":"1976","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.020","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of babesiosis as malaria, Equatorial Guinea, 2014","volume":"101","author":"Padial Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.03.004","article-title":"Molecular confirmation of the first autochthonous case of human babesiosis in Australia using a novel primer set for the beta-tubulin gene","volume":"141","author":"Paparini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713491746","article-title":"Babesia odocoilei infection in a Saskatchewan elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) herd","volume":"25","author":"Pattullo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.12.365","article-title":"Discovery of Babesia species in an Australian traveller\u2014a case report","volume":"51","author":"Peake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1977.tb00984.x","article-title":"Piroplasms from Taiwanese rodents","volume":"24","author":"Peenen","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2411.170512","article-title":"Human babesiosis, Yucat\u00e1n State, Mexico, 2015","volume":"24","author":"Peniche-Lara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.2097-2103.1992","article-title":"Detection of Babesia microti by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"30","author":"Persing","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502023320504","article-title":"Infection with a Babesia-like organism in northern California","volume":"332","author":"Persing","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093429","article-title":"Prevention of tick-borne diseases","volume":"53","author":"Piesman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.3.557-558.1987","article-title":"Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission","volume":"25","author":"Piesman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.697669","article-title":"Babesia microti: pathogen genomics, genetic variability, immunodominant antigens, and pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Puri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2382-8","article-title":"Detection of Babesia divergens using molecular methods in anemic patients in Shandong Province, China","volume":"109","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00006","article-title":"Babesiosis in Washington State: a new species of Babesia?","volume":"119","author":"Quick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200403000-00015","article-title":"Asymptomatic babesiosis in a child with hepatoblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Rech","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000400010","article-title":"Serological and parasitological study and report of the first case of human babesiosis in Colombia","volume":"36","author":"R\u00edos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00251","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in Europe: new hazards and relevance for public health","volume":"2","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03886.x","article-title":"Survey of Babesia microti infection in field rodents in Japan: records of the Kobe-type in new foci and findings of a new type related to the Otsu-type","volume":"51","author":"Saito-Ito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4511-4516.2000","article-title":"Transfusion-acquired, autochthonous human babesiosis in Japan: isolation of Babesia microti-like parasites with hu-RBC-SCID mice","volume":"38","author":"Saito-Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2268-2270.2004","article-title":"Survey of rodents and ticks in human babesiosis emergence area in Japan: first detection of Babesia microti-like parasites in Ixodes ovatus","volume":"42","author":"Saito-Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.4.683","article-title":"New ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for Babesia odocoilei (Emerson and Wright 1970)","volume":"41","author":"Schoelkopf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0142","article-title":"First record of locally acquired human babesiosis in Canada caused by Babesia duncani: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6020049","article-title":"Human babesiosis caused by Babesia duncani has widespread distribution across Canada","volume":"6","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2874.1","article-title":"Widespread dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks collected from songbirds across Canada","volume":"98","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100781","article-title":"Detection of Babesia odocoilei in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from songbirds in Ontario and Quebec, Canada","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030327","article-title":"Detection of Babesia odocoilei in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Southern Ontario, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060947","article-title":"Detection of Babesia odocoilei in humans with babesiosis symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11378","article-title":"First report of human babesiosis in Australia","volume":"196","author":"Senanayake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.2.450-454.1997","article-title":"Human babesiosis in Taiwan: asymptomatic infection with a Babesia microti-like organism in a Taiwanese woman","volume":"35","author":"Shih","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0149","first-page":"347","article-title":"Studies on Babesia first found in murine in Japan: epidemiology, morphology and experimental infection","volume":"256","author":"Shiota","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-191","article-title":"Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents\u2014analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area","volume":"5","author":"Silaghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0151","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Call for caution to consider Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina as anthropozoonotic agents in Colombia. Comment on Kumar et al. The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Silva-Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens 2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2026.2637280","article-title":"Babesia hegotelforum sp. nov., a zoonotic Babesia species previously referred to as Babesia sp. MO1","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2386136","article-title":"Insights into the evolution, virulence and speciation of Babesia MO1 and Babesia divergens through multiomics analyses","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0154","first-page":"11","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case","volume":"9","author":"Skrabalo","year":"1957","journal-title":"Doc. Med. Geogr. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0155","series-title":"Helminths, Arthropods, and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals","author":"Soulsby","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tax073","article-title":"Case report of the patient source of the Babesia microti R1 reference strain and implications for travelers","volume":"25","author":"Stahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2005.121034","article-title":"Babesia venatorum infection in child, China","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.10.007","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Babesia antibodies among Borrelia burgdorferi-infected humans in Sweden","volume":"10","author":"Svensson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7211a1","article-title":"Trends in reported babesiosis cases\u2014United States, 2011\u20132019","volume":"72","author":"Swanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.07.002","article-title":"Evidence for transmission of the zoonotic apicomplexan parasite Babesia duncani by the tick Dermacentor albipictus","volume":"49","author":"Swei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102843","article-title":"Transfusion transmitted babesiosis: a systematic review of reported cases","volume":"59","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1086\/515071","article-title":"Malaria prophylaxis using azithromycin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Irian Jaya, Indonesia","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0163","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Babesiosis","author":"Telford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Infect. Dis. Princ. Pathog. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04638-0","article-title":"Impact of Babesia microti infection on the initiation and course of pregnancy in BALB\/c mice","volume":"14","author":"To\u0142kacz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4316","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4316-4322.2001","article-title":"Human babesiosis in Japan: epizootiologic survey of rodent reservoir and isolation of new type of Babesia microti-like parasite","volume":"39","author":"Tsuji","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.07.007","article-title":"The PCR detection and phylogenetic characterization of Babesia microti in questing ticks in Mongolia","volume":"64","author":"Tuvshintulga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0167","series-title":"Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Transfusion-Transmitted Babesiosis","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-8663(97)80114-2","article-title":"La bab\u00e9siose humaine en 1997","volume":"18","author":"Uguen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9d. Interne"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.035","article-title":"Babesia\u2014a historical overview","volume":"138","author":"Uilenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/984568","article-title":"Update on babesiosis","volume":"2009","author":"Vannier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"366","author":"Vannier","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71062-X","article-title":"Babesiosis in China, an emerging threat","volume":"15","author":"Vannier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0173","first-page":"799","article-title":"Babesiosis","author":"Vannier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hunt. Trop. Med. Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.008","article-title":"Babesiosis","volume":"29","author":"Vannier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01016-3","article-title":"Prophylactic treatment of experimental canine babesiosis (Babesia canis) with doxycycline","volume":"66","author":"Vercammen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.643","article-title":"Detection of new Babesia microti-like parasites in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with a suppressed Plasmodium cynomolgi infection","volume":"78","author":"Voorberg-vd Wel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1635431","article-title":"Babesia divergens in human in Gansu province, China","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2178-2183.2001","article-title":"Human babesiosis in Japan: isolation of Babesia microti-like parasites from an asymptomatic transfusion donor and from a rodent from an area where babesiosis is endemic","volume":"39","author":"Wei","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441014","article-title":"The treatment of babesiosis","volume":"344","author":"Weiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00504-17","article-title":"Babesia microti: from mice to ticks to an increasing number of highly susceptible humans","volume":"55","author":"Westblade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197010152831607","article-title":"Babesiosis in a Massachusetts resident","volume":"283","author":"Western","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.219","article-title":"Atovaquone in the treatment of Babesia microti infections in hamsters","volume":"55","author":"Wittner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-96-5-601","article-title":"Successful chemotherapy of transfusion babesiosis","volume":"96","author":"Wittner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612165","article-title":"Post-babesiosis warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia","volume":"376","author":"Woolley","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0185","first-page":"18","article-title":"Natural history of zoonotic Babesia: role of wildlife reservoirs","volume":"2","author":"Yabsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.: Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.7","article-title":"Detection of Babesia and Anaplasma species in rabbits from Texas and Georgia, USA","volume":"6","author":"Yabsley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1213","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.201983","article-title":"Babesia microti acquired in Canada","volume":"193","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0188","first-page":"118","article-title":"Pathogen identification and clinical diagnosis for one case infected with Babesia","volume":"30","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi = Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2019.096","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of Babesia divergens Asia lineage in wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) by using direct PCR in Japan","volume":"73","author":"Zamoto-Niikura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6624","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02373-16","article-title":"Ixodes persulcatus ticks as vectors for the Babesia microti U.S. lineage in Japan","volume":"82","author":"Zamoto-Niikura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.130061","article-title":"Sika deer carrying Babesia parasites closely related to B. divergens, Japan","volume":"20","author":"Zamoto-Niikura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02491","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02491-17","article-title":"The Babesia divergens Asia lineage is maintained through enzootic cycles between Ixodes persulcatus and sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"84","author":"Zamoto-Niikura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-2-1","article-title":"Co-infections with Babesia microti and Plasmodium parasites along the China-Myanmar border","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0194","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human babesiosis, an emerging tick-borne disease in the people\u2019s republic of China","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0195","article-title":"Babesiosis","author":"Zimmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. Libr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001_bib0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003","article-title":"Babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance","volume":"16","author":"Zintl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Advances in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0065308X26000412?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0065308X26000412?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:10:15Z","timestamp":1789657815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0065308X26000412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9780443470684"],"references-count":198,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apar.2026.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-308X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-308X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}