{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:22:51Z","timestamp":1786983771120,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780128123881","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T04:34:21Z","timestamp":1488256461000},"page":"59-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Inflammation in Epileptic Encephalopathies"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Oleksii","family":"Shandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon L.","family":"Mosh\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristea S.","family":"Galanopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: Critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8342","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90144-7","article-title":"High dose gammaglobulin for intractable childhood epilepsy","volume":"322","author":"Ariizumi","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(87)80117-1","article-title":"Immunoglobulin therapy in the West syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Ariizumi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.01.015","article-title":"Complement activation in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Aronica","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809348355","article-title":"Increased risk of death among children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and infantile spasms","volume":"25","author":"Autry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt. A","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.03.007","article-title":"Current understanding and neurobiology of epileptic encephalopathies","volume":"92","author":"Auvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.05.010","article-title":"The dual role of TNF-alpha and its receptors in seizures","volume":"247","author":"Balosso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330302","article-title":"Pathophysiology of massive infantile spasms: Perspective on the putative role of the brain adrenal axis","volume":"33","author":"Baram","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01275-2","article-title":"Neuropeptide-mediated excitability: A key triggering mechanism for seizure generation in the developing brain","volume":"21","author":"Baram","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(91)90118-3","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a rapid and potent convulsant in the infant rat","volume":"61","author":"Baram","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.6.1171","article-title":"Brain-adrenal axis hormones are altered in the CSF of infants with massive infantile spasms","volume":"42","author":"Baram","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24147","article-title":"Losartan prevents acquired epilepsy via TGF-beta signaling suppression","volume":"75","author":"Bar-Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20211","article-title":"mTOR cascade activation distinguishes tubers from focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"56","author":"Baybis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0075","first-page":"85","article-title":"The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A personal study","author":"Beaumanoir","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Supplement"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x","article-title":"Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009","volume":"51","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.00915.x","article-title":"Anticonvulsant mechanisms of the ketogenic diet","volume":"48","author":"Bough","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12424","article-title":"CPP-115, a vigabatrin analogue, decreases spasms in the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms","volume":"55","author":"Briggs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.66","article-title":"Corticotropin (ACTH) acts directly on amygdala neurons to down-regulate corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression","volume":"49","author":"Brunson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0706426","article-title":"The melanocortin system in leukocyte biology","volume":"81","author":"Catania","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2873","article-title":"Sterile inflammation: Sensing and reacting to damage","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1972.tb05260.x","article-title":"Childhood epileptic encephalopathy with slow spike-wave a statistical study of 80 cases","volume":"13","author":"Chevrie","year":"1972","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2008.49.1.1","article-title":"Role of brain inflammation in epileptogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yonsei Medical Journal"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02605.x","article-title":"Modeling new therapies for infantile spasms","volume":"51","author":"Chudomelova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02474.x","article-title":"The natural history of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"51","author":"Chu-Shore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03050-0","article-title":"Inflammatory reactions in human medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis","volume":"952","author":"Crespel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02438.x","article-title":"The pathophysiology of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"51","author":"Crino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00300-X","article-title":"Infantile spasms in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"23","author":"Curatolo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.03.001","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory small molecules to treat seizures and epilepsy: From bench to bedside","volume":"37","author":"Dey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb04684.x","article-title":"Seizures in series: Similarities between seizures of the west and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes","volume":"32","author":"Donat","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2016.08.002","article-title":"A case report on the efficacy of vigabatrin analogue (1S, 3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115) in a patient with infantile spasms","volume":"6","author":"Doumlele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20358","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta contributes to the generation of experimental febrile seizures","volume":"57","author":"Dube","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7484","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0551-10.2010","article-title":"Epileptogenesis provoked by prolonged experimental febrile seizures: Mechanisms and biomarkers","volume":"30","author":"Dube","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2015.03.001","article-title":"Hyper-excitability and epilepsy generated by chronic early-life stress","volume":"2","author":"Dube","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Stress"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00268-6","article-title":"What is West syndrome?","volume":"23","author":"Dulac","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1985.tb03235.x","article-title":"Intrathecal synthesis of different alpha-interferons in patients with various neurological diseases","volume":"71","author":"Dussaix","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"7466","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12439","article-title":"De novo mutations in epileptic encephalopathies","volume":"501","author":"Epi4K Consortium","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.038497","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone and brain mast cells regulate blood-brain-barrier permeability induced by acute stress","volume":"303","author":"Esposito","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1878","article-title":"A role for leukocyte-endothelial adhesion mechanisms in epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Fabene","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.972945","article-title":"Should losartan be administered following brain injury?","volume":"14","author":"Friedman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNP.0000149893.12678.44","article-title":"Pathogenesis of infantile spasms: A model based on developmental desynchronization","volume":"22","author":"Frost","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00328-X","article-title":"A special note on terminology of West syndrome and infantile spasms","volume":"23","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2012.12.005","article-title":"Basic mechanisms of catastrophic epilepsy\u2014Overview from animal models","volume":"35","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a022707","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022707","article-title":"Neonatal and infantile epilepsy: Acquired and genetic models","volume":"6","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.04.015","article-title":"Pathogenesis and new candidate treatments for infantile spasms and early life epileptic encephalopathies: A view from preclinical studies","volume":"79","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12021","article-title":"Not all that glitters is gold: A guide to critical appraisal of animal drug trials in epilepsy","volume":"1","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03506.x","article-title":"Finding a better drug for epilepsy: The mTOR pathway as an antiepileptogenic target","volume":"53","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6904","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1901-08.2008","article-title":"Postnatal inflammation increases seizure susceptibility in adult rats","volume":"28","author":"Galic","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e2cf","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline update: Medical treatment of infantile spasms. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society","volume":"78","author":"Go","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.08.033","article-title":"Role of microglia in CNS inflammation","volume":"585","author":"Graeber","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.013","article-title":"Reduced levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with West syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Haginoya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00278-9","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of spasms in West syndrome\u2014Implications of viral infection","volume":"23","author":"Hattori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318281262e","article-title":"The interleukin 17 system in cortical lesions in focal cortical dysplasias","volume":"72","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01136.x","article-title":"Community-based study of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Heiskala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02586.x","article-title":"Infantile spasms treated with the ketogenic diet: Prospective single-center experience in 104 consecutive infants","volume":"51","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200311000-00004","article-title":"Infantile epileptic encephalopathy with hypsarrhythmia (infantile spasms\/West syndrome)","volume":"20","author":"Hrachovy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb02135.x","article-title":"Psychiatric disorder among children with tuberous sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Hunt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.03.006","article-title":"Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts is upregulated in temporal lobe epilepsy and contributes to experimental seizures","volume":"58","author":"Iori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.10.015","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of the galanin analog NAX 5055 in the multiple-hit rat model of symptomatic infantile spasms","volume":"108","author":"Jequier Gygax","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.05.003","article-title":"Prostaglandin receptor EP2 in the crosshairs of anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and neuroprotection","volume":"34","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2632","article-title":"The neuro-symphony of stress","volume":"10","author":"Joels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"issue":"7226","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07591","article-title":"Myelomonocytic cell recruitment causes fatal CNS vascular injury during acute viral meningitis","volume":"457","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2322","article-title":"Infantile spasms: Outcome and prognostic factors of cryptogenic and symptomatic groups","volume":"43","author":"Koo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(02)49010-1","article-title":"Role of subcortical structures in the pathogenesis of infantile spasms: What are possible subcortical mediators?","volume":"49","author":"Lado","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(91)90028-J","article-title":"Changes in CSF neurotransmitters in infantile spasms","volume":"7","author":"Langlais","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a001651","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-\u03baB pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.01.024","article-title":"Regulation of IL-6 system in cerebrospinal fluid and serum compartments by seizures: The effect of seizure type and duration","volume":"152","author":"Lehtimaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000243081","article-title":"Levels of IL-1beta and IL-1ra in cerebrospinal fluid of human patients after single and prolonged seizures","volume":"17","author":"Lehtimaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"issue":"5994","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190287","article-title":"mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists","volume":"329","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.07.037","article-title":"Focal malformations of cortical development: New vistas for molecular pathogenesis","volume":"252","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00313-8","article-title":"Serum cytokine levels are altered in patients with West syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1983.tb04874.x","article-title":"A prospective study of infantile spasms: Clinical and therapeutic correlations","volume":"24","author":"Lombroso","year":"1983","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04863.x","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappa B regulates seizure threshold and gene transcription following convulsant stimulation","volume":"103","author":"Lubin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000127773.72699.C8","article-title":"Practice parameter: Medical treatment of infantile spasms: Report of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society","volume":"62","author":"Mackay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.12.018","article-title":"Age-dependent vascular changes induced by status epilepticus in rat forebrain: Implications for epileptogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Marcon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(92)90178-Y","article-title":"N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced seizures in developing rats","volume":"65","author":"Mares","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.8.746","article-title":"Slow spike-wave activity in EEG and associated clinical features: Often called \u2018Lennox\u2019 or \u201cLennox-Gastaut\u201d syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Markand","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200311000-00005","article-title":"Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy)","volume":"20","author":"Markand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2127","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures","volume":"16","author":"Maroso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0039-z","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta biosynthesis inhibition reduces acute seizures and drug resistant chronic epileptic activity in mice","volume":"8","author":"Maroso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02431.x","article-title":"Interleukin-1 type 1 receptor\/toll-like receptor signalling in epilepsy: The importance of IL-1beta and high-mobility group box 1","volume":"270","author":"Maroso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.08.012","article-title":"High-mobility group box-1 impairs memory in mice through both toll-like receptor 4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products","volume":"232","author":"Mazarati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2003000500006","article-title":"Immunologic aspects of West syndrome and evidence of plasma inhibitory effects on T cell function","volume":"61","author":"Montelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1984000200004","article-title":"Demonstration of antibody and cellular immune response to brain extract in West and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes","volume":"42","author":"Mota","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19602.x","article-title":"Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulated NFkappaB\/p65 in human keratinocytes by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone peptides","volume":"119","author":"Moustafa","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0440","first-page":"270","article-title":"On the specific age dependent epileptic syndrome: The early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression burst (Japanese)","volume":"8","author":"Ohtahara","year":"1976","journal-title":"No to Hattatsu"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2008.11.007","article-title":"A pilot study on the changes in immunity after ACTH therapy in patients with West syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Ohya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03173.x","article-title":"Carisbamate acutely suppresses spasms in a rat model of symptomatic infantile spasms","volume":"52","author":"Ono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0455","article-title":"Intracortical injection of lipopolysaccharide induces epileptic spasms in neonatal rats: Another animal model of symptomatic infantile spasms","volume":"12 Suppl.","author":"Ono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Currents"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41592","article-title":"STRADalpha deficiency results in aberrant mTORC1 signaling during corticogenesis in humans and mice","volume":"120","author":"Orlova","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02695.x","article-title":"The underlying etiology of infantile spasms (West syndrome): Information from the United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study (UKISS) on contemporary causes and their classification","volume":"51","author":"Osborne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2011.121","article-title":"Copy number variants and infantile spasms: Evidence for abnormalities in ventral forebrain development and pathways of synaptic function","volume":"19","author":"Paciorkowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0265-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in pediatric epileptic syndromes: Rasmussen encephalitis, infantile spasms, and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES)","volume":"11","author":"Pardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"182","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182ra153","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005271","article-title":"Rapamycin prevents seizures after depletion of STRADA in a rare neurodevelopmental disorder","volume":"5","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02657.x","article-title":"Infantile spasms: A U.S. consensus report","volume":"51","author":"Pellock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.2001.0575","article-title":"Indicators of inflammation after recent tonic-clonic epileptic seizures correlate with plasma interleukin-6 levels","volume":"11","author":"Peltola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.04.023","article-title":"TLR4, ATF-3 and IL8 inflammation mediator expression correlates with seizure frequency in human epileptic brain tissue","volume":"22","author":"Pernhorst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2007.05.012","article-title":"Can fever treat epileptic encephalopathies?","volume":"77","author":"Pintaudi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.11.009","article-title":"Ketogenic diet for infantile spasms refractory to first-line treatments: An open prospective study","volume":"105","author":"Pires","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.11.002","article-title":"APC conditional knock-out mouse is a model of infantile spasms with elevated neuronal beta-catenin levels, neonatal spasms, and chronic seizures","volume":"98","author":"Pirone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.106351","article-title":"Interleukin-10 protects lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in primary midbrain cultures by inhibiting the function of NADPH oxidase","volume":"319","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.03.021","article-title":"A pulse rapamycin therapy for infantile spasms and associated cognitive decline","volume":"43","author":"Raffo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"7226","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/457155a","article-title":"Immunology: Barrier to electrical storms","volume":"457","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00705.x","article-title":"Occurrence, outcome, and prognostic factors of infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Rantala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/088307388700200309","article-title":"Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in infantile spasms: Effects of ACTH therapy","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.06.003","article-title":"The IL-1beta system in epilepsy-associated malformations of cortical development","volume":"24","author":"Ravizza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.08.012","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: Evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"29","author":"Ravizza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1358601","article-title":"Immunity activation in brain cells in epilepsy: Mechanistic insights and pathological consequences","volume":"44","author":"Ravizza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.004","article-title":"Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: Cytokines and brain excitability","volume":"89","author":"Riazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"issue":"Pt. 7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm118","article-title":"Angiogenesis is associated with blood-brain barrier permeability in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"130","author":"Rigau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071556","article-title":"Infantile spasms: Infectious disorders","volume":"24","author":"Riikonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00218-6","article-title":"Steroids or vigabatrin in the treatment of infantile spasms?","volume":"23","author":"Riikonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00307-2","article-title":"Long-term outcome of patients with West syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Riikonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0139-5","article-title":"Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of infantile spasms","volume":"28","author":"Riikonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02063.x","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children with earlier infantile spasms","volume":"23","author":"Riikonen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.08.001","article-title":"Glia activation and cytokine increase in rat hippocampus by kainic acid-induced status epilepticus during postnatal development","volume":"14","author":"Rizzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01688.x","article-title":"Risk of autism spectrum disorders after infantile spasms: A population-based study nested in a cohort with seizures in the first year of life","volume":"49","author":"Saemundsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.03.008","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices following intraventricular application of albumin","volume":"91","author":"Salar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2007.00804.x","article-title":"Inflammation contributes to seizure-induced hippocampal injury in the neonatal rat brain","volume":"186","author":"Sankar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum"},{"issue":"4 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2007.00804.x","article-title":"Inflammation contributes to seizure-induced hippocampal injury in the neonatal rat brain","volume":"115","author":"Sankar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.08.043","article-title":"The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide enhances seizure susceptibility in mice: Involvement of proinflammatory factors: Nitric oxide and prostaglandins","volume":"122","author":"Sayyah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.11.011","article-title":"A model of symptomatic infantile spasms syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Scantlebury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0625","article-title":"Effects of celastrol and edaravone in the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms","author":"Shandra","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3696-09.2010","article-title":"Dysregulation of mTOR signaling in fragile X syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63051872.x","article-title":"Increased neuronal beta-amyloid precursor protein expression in human temporal lobe epilepsy: Association with interleukin-1 alpha immunoreactivity","volume":"63","author":"Sheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2009.11.001","article-title":"Peripheral lymphocyte subset and serum cytokine profiles of patients with West syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Shiihara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1995.tb02569.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of infantile spasms in Sweden","volume":"36","author":"Sidenvall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12008","article-title":"Long-term mortality of patients with West syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Silanpaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.1.102","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in patients with infantile spasms","volume":"34","author":"Silverstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.63","article-title":"How does ACTH work against infantile spasms? Bedside to bench","volume":"49","author":"Snead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.05.021","article-title":"Electroencephalographic and seizure manifestations in two patients with folate receptor autoimmune antibody-mediated primary cerebral folate deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Steele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-275","article-title":"L-glutamate released from activated microglia downregulates astrocytic L-glutamate transporter expression in neuroinflammation: The \u2018collusion' hypothesis for increased extracellular L-glutamate concentration in neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Takaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2003.10.003","article-title":"TLR signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Takeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21342","article-title":"Cell-specific alterations of glutamate receptor expression in tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers","volume":"63","author":"Talos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2005.03.007","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 levels in patients with West syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Tekgul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90129-F","article-title":"Mast cells: The immune gate to the brain","volume":"46","author":"Theoharides","year":"1990","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2741\/2174","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the blood-brain-barrier","volume":"12","author":"Theoharides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00773.x","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of infantile spasms among Atlanta children","volume":"40","author":"Trevathan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21082","article-title":"Model of infantile spasms induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in prenatally impaired brain","volume":"61","author":"Velisek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.178","article-title":"The role of inflammation in epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Vezzani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0715","series-title":"Jasper's basic mechanisms of the epilepsies","article-title":"Glia-neuronal interactions in ictogenesis and epileptogenesis: Role of inflammatory mediators","author":"Vezzani","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.09.033","article-title":"Epilepsy and brain inflammation","volume":"244","author":"Vezzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a022699","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022699","article-title":"Immunity and inflammation in epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Vezzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28400","article-title":"Targeting inflammation as a therapeutic strategy for drug-resistant epilepsies: An update of new immune-modulating approaches","volume":"10","author":"Vitaliti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.03.011","article-title":"A role for the mTOR pathway in surface expression of AMPA receptors","volume":"401","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-134","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in cerebral ischemic inflammatory injury","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.02.001","article-title":"Effects of adrenal dysfunction and high-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone on NMDA-induced spasm seizures in young Wistar rats","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.10.829-c","article-title":"Proceedings: Neurological complications of DPT inoculation in infancy","volume":"48","author":"Wilson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(96)00016-1","article-title":"Rasmussen syndrome and long-term response to gamma globulin","volume":"14","author":"Wise","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"14 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0760","article-title":"Role of NOX2 in seizure susceptibility of mice following systemic inflammation (P4. 251)","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(91)90023-E","article-title":"Studies on CSF tryptophan metabolism in infantile spasms","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.12.002","article-title":"A new trial liposteroid (dexamethasone palmitate) therapy for intractable epileptic seizures in infancy","volume":"29","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain & Development"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.07.018","article-title":"Increased level of serum interleukin-1 receptor antagonist subsequent to resolution of clinical symptoms in patients with West syndrome","volume":"298","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22224","article-title":"Roles of astrocytes and microglia in seizure-induced aberrant neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult rats","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199609020-00025","article-title":"Cytokine modulation of glial glutamate uptake: A possible involvement of nitric oxide","volume":"7","author":"Ye","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.03.006","article-title":"Factors influencing the evolution of West syndrome to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"41","author":"You","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2013.56.7.271","article-title":"The role of cytokines in seizures: Interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-1Ra, IL-8, and IL-10","volume":"56","author":"Youn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03357.x","article-title":"Prenatal stress promotes development of spasms in infant rats","volume":"53","author":"Yum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.8.5024","article-title":"Paradoxical anti-inflammatory actions of TNF-alpha: Inhibition of IL-12 and IL-23 via TNF receptor 1 in macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"175","author":"Zakharova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.07.017","article-title":"CRH inhibits NF-kappa B signaling in human melanocytes","volume":"27","author":"Zbytek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.020","article-title":"Modulation of astrocyte glutamate transporters decreases seizures in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"37","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"Pt. 4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr032","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor, RAGE and HMGB1 signalling in malformations of cortical development","volume":"134","author":"Zurolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology","Stress and Inflammation in Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876162317300056?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876162317300056?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T14:52:25Z","timestamp":1719067945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876162317300056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"ISBN":["9780128123881"],"references-count":163,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2017.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-1623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-1623","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}