{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:29:29Z","timestamp":1793852969959,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780443313585","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn's and Colitis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["653155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T22:54:48Z","timestamp":1727823288000},"page":"107-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emerging therapeutics for the management of intestinal fibrosis and strictures"],"prefix":"10.1016","member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025450","article-title":"Activation of WNT\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in pulmonary fibroblasts by TGF-\u03b21 is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"6","author":"Baarsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz059","article-title":"The role of early biologic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"25","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301397","article-title":"Hospitalisations and surgery in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"61","author":"Bernstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000449079","article-title":"Pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease and perspectives for therapeutic implication","volume":"35","author":"Bettenworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000403","article-title":"Therapeutic armamentarium for stricturing Crohn\u2019s disease: Medical versus endoscopic versus surgical approaches","volume":"21","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01770-0","article-title":"Orally administration of cerium oxide nanozyme for computed tomography imaging and anti-inflammatory\/anti-fibrotic therapy of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115613","article-title":"Chitosan-modified lipid nanodrug delivery system for the targeted and responsive treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"230","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.22","article-title":"miR-200b inhibits TGF-\u03b21-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes growth of intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death & Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3381","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of triptolide on hepatic stellate cells and dimethylnitrosamine\u2010intoxicated rats","volume":"25","author":"Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133272","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases: Alternative biomarker sources, therapeutic agents, and drug delivery carriers","volume":"20","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.18936","article-title":"Management of Crohn disease: A review","volume":"325","author":"Cushing","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.06.002","article-title":"Axl receptor activation mediates laminar shear stress anti-apoptotic effects in human endothelial cells","volume":"71","author":"D\u2019Arcangelo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-163930","article-title":"Host responses in tissue repair and fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Duffield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.04.013","article-title":"A pilot study of intrastricture steroid versus placebo injection after balloon dilatation of Crohn\u2019s strictures","volume":"5","author":"East","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600770605","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of sulconazole nitrate in humans","volume":"77","author":"Franz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040973","article-title":"Diminished vitamin D receptor protein levels in Crohn\u2019s disease fibroblasts: Effects of vitamin D","volume":"12","author":"Gisbert-Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000863","article-title":"Anti-MMP-9 antibody: A promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease complications with fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Goffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy142","article-title":"Reversing ongoing chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis by sustained block of IL-12 and IL-23 using a vaccine in mice","volume":"24","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540205000215","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of angiotensin II receptor and local renin-angiotensin system in human colonic mucosa","volume":"50","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.013","article-title":"Treatment of intestinal fibrosis in experimental inflammatory bowel disease by the pleiotropic actions of a local Rho kinase inhibitor","volume":"153","author":"Holvoet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050647","article-title":"Ion-complex microcrystal formulation provides sustained delivery of a multimodal kinase inhibitor from the subconjunctival space for protection of retinal ganglion cells","volume":"13","author":"Hsueh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib22","first-page":"3089","article-title":"Role of Rho kinase signal pathway in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"5516","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059796","article-title":"Targeting of HIF-\u03b1 to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation","volume":"292","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science (New York, N. Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib24","series-title":"Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract","author":"Johnson","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib25","first-page":"295","article-title":"Nanocrystal technology, drug delivery and clinical applications","volume":"3","author":"Junghanns","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3181\/0707-MR-190","article-title":"Mechanisms of fibrogenesis","volume":"233","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2008.03.043","article-title":"Transanal delivery of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor prevents colonic fibrosis in a mouse colitis model: Development of a unique mode of treatment","volume":"144","author":"Koga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20090","article-title":"Dangers associated with endoscopic management of strictures in IBD","volume":"13","author":"Koltun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0627-4","article-title":"Anti-fibrogenic effect of PPAR-\u03b3 agonists in human intestinal myofibroblasts","volume":"17","author":"Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64046-1","article-title":"PG490-88, a derivative of triptolide, blocks bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis","volume":"158","author":"Krishna","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.12.005","article-title":"Activation of myofibroblast TRPA1 by steroids and pirfenidone ameliorates fibrosis in experimental Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Kurahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164713","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of the combination of pentoxifylline and vitamin-E in inflammatory bowel disease: Inhibition of intestinal fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.10.003","article-title":"Intestinal fibrosis","volume":"65","author":"Lenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210889","article-title":"Small-molecule Wnt inhibitors are a potential novel therapy for intestinal fibrosis in Crohns disease","volume":"136","author":"Lewis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Science (London)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12852","article-title":"The fate of myofibroblasts during the development of fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Digestive Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92628-8","article-title":"A patient-like swine model of gastrointestinal fibrotic strictures for advancing therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.01.006","article-title":"Injectable, drug-eluting nanocrystals prevent fibrosis and stricture formation in vivo","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328608","article-title":"Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFGE8) prevents intestinal fibrosis","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101607","article-title":"Mechanisms for oral absorption enhancement of drugs by nanocrystals","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology"},{"issue":"06","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615278","article-title":"Topical mitomycin C application in pediatric patients with recurrent esophageal strictures\u2014Report on unfavorable results","volume":"28","author":"Madadi-Sanjani","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatric Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666201020160803","article-title":"Fibrotic strictures in Crohn\u2019s disease: Mechanisms and predictive factors","volume":"22","author":"Mager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Drug Targets"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2870","article-title":"Transforming growth factor\u2010beta type 1 receptor (ALK5) and Smad proteins mediate TIMP\u20101 and collagen synthesis in experimental intestinal fibrosis","volume":"224","author":"Medina","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27958","article-title":"Involvement of PPAR nuclear receptors in tissue injury and wound repair","volume":"116","author":"Michalik","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04225.x","article-title":"The response of Crohn\u2019s strictures to endoscopic balloon dilation","volume":"31","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz134","article-title":"WNT2b activates epithelial-mesenchymal transition through FZD4: Relevance in penetrating Crohn s disease","volume":"14","author":"Ortiz-Masi\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Crohn\u2019s and Colitis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00164.x","article-title":"Targeting TGF-\u03b2 overexpression in renal disease: Maximizing the antifibrotic action of angiotensin II blockade","volume":"54","author":"Peters","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0497-0","article-title":"Betulinic acid hydroxamate prevents colonic inflammation and fibrosis in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"42","author":"Prados","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib48","first-page":"252","volume":"Vol. 191","author":"Raghu","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105202","article-title":"Role of intestinal HIF-2\u03b1 in health and disease","volume":"78","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9747-y","article-title":"Efficacy of T2 in active Crohn\u2019s disease: A prospective study report","volume":"52","author":"Ren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000165133.84978.E2","article-title":"Angiotensin II activates the Smad pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells by a transforming growth factor-\u03b2\u2013independent mechanism","volume":"111","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Vita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816110-00006","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition reduces the expression of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 and type IV collagen in diabetic vasculopathy","volume":"16","author":"Rumble","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90613-6","article-title":"Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"99","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-015-0046-5","article-title":"Hallmarks of epithelial to mesenchymal transition are detectable in Crohn\u2019s disease associated intestinal fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"Scharl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical and Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.11.029","article-title":"Inhibiting interleukin 36 receptor signaling reduces fibrosis in mice with chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"156","author":"Scheibe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000618","article-title":"Novel PPAR\u03b3 modulator GED-0507-34 levo ameliorates inflammation-driven intestinal fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Speca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9124-2","article-title":"Reduced severity of a mouse colitis model with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition","volume":"52","author":"Spencer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa169","article-title":"AXL is a potential target for the treatment of intestinal fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104364","article-title":"Hypoxia-adaptive pathways: A pharmacological target in fibrotic disease?","volume":"147","author":"Strowitzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3582","article-title":"Triptolide ameliorates colonic fibrosis in an experimental rat model","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx008","article-title":"Inhibition of fibroblast activation protein restores a balanced extracellular matrix and reduces fibrosis in crohn\u2019s disease strictures ex vivo","volume":"24","author":"Truffi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00015","article-title":"Nanozymes: A new disease imaging strategy","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib63","article-title":"Intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease and the prospects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013778","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 downregulation by TGF\u00df in fibroblast and impaired expression and function in systemic sclerosis: A novel mechanism for progressive fibrogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/628268","article-title":"Losartan reduces trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colorectal fibrosis in rats","volume":"26","author":"Wengrower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071521","article-title":"The role of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in carcinogenesis and development of therapeutic resistance: An overview of molecular mechanisms and future applications","volume":"13","author":"Wium","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13797","article-title":"miR\u2010200b\u2010containing microvesicles attenuate experimental colitis associated intestinal fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S206657","article-title":"Development of sulconazole-loaded nanoemulsions for enhancement of transdermal permeation and antifungal activity","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35344","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35344","article-title":"Redox enzyme-mimicking activities of CeO2 nanostructures: Intrinsic influence of exposed facets","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2010.01359.x","article-title":"Triptolide attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.11.008","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 cross-regulation of signaling events implicated in liver fibrogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cellular Signalling"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01598-0","article-title":"\u201cTwo-birds-one-stone\u201d colon-targeted nanomedicine treats ulcerative colitis via remodeling immune microenvironment and anti-fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology"}],"container-title":["Advances in Pharmacology","Emerging Therapeutic Targets and Drug Delivery Approaches in IBD"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1054358924000292?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1054358924000292?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:26:56Z","timestamp":1762360016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1054358924000292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"ISBN":["9780443313585"],"references-count":72,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apha.2024.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1054-3589"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1054-3589","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}