{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1786719301471,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780128154205","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T14:40:16Z","timestamp":1542120016000},"page":"179-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transcranial B-Mode Sonography in Movement Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Rezzak","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.12.2069","article-title":"Sonography for diagnosis of parkinson disease\u2014From theory to practice: A study on 300 participants","volume":"33","author":"Alonso-C\u00e1novas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.09.007","article-title":"Transcranial sonography and functional imaging in glucocerebrosidase mutation Parkinson disease","volume":"19","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.05.014","article-title":"Transcranial sonography and123I-FP-CIT single photon emission computed tomography in movement disorders","volume":"40","author":"B\u00e1rtov\u00e1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199908)46:2<260::AID-ANA18>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Increased tissue copper and manganese content in the lentiform nucleus in primary adult-onset dystonia","volume":"46","author":"Becker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120114","article-title":"Comparison of transcranial sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and single photon emission computed tomography findings in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis","volume":"12","author":"Becker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.182","article-title":"Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson's disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography","volume":"45","author":"Becker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.049221","article-title":"Differentiation of Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes by transcranial ultrasound","volume":"76","author":"Behnke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.10.010","article-title":"Substantia nigra echomorphology in the healthy very old: Correlation with motor slowing","volume":"34","author":"Behnke","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12022","article-title":"EFNS\/MDS-ES recommendations for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Berardelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1014","article-title":"Perspectives of B-mode transcranial ultrasound","volume":"15","author":"Berg","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1026","article-title":"Vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system as detected by transcranial ultrasound","volume":"53","author":"Berg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0504-6","article-title":"Microglia activation is related to substantia nigra echogenicity","volume":"117","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00046-0","article-title":"Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra in rats visualized by ultrasound","volume":"25","author":"Berg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01190-8","article-title":"Echogenicity of substantia nigra determined by transcranial ultrasound correlates with severity of parkinsonian symptoms induced by neuroleptic therapy","volume":"50","author":"Berg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26431","article-title":"MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.6.999","article-title":"Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: Association with increased iron content and marker for susceptibility to nigrostriatal injury","volume":"59","author":"Berg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.141","article-title":"Enlarged substantia nigra hyperechogenicity and risk for Parkinson disease","volume":"68","author":"Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170114","article-title":"Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and its relation to clinical findings","volume":"248","author":"Berg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.1.13","article-title":"Relationship of substantia nigra echogenicity and motor function in elderly subjects","volume":"56","author":"Berg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6<827::AID-ANA20>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Changes of copper-transporting proteins and ceruloplasmin in the lentiform nuclei in primary adult-onset dystonia","volume":"47","author":"Berg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23991","article-title":"Clinical and brain imaging characteristics in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-associated PD and asymptomatic mutation carriers","volume":"26","author":"Brockmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318225ab77","article-title":"GBA-associated PD presents with nonmotor characteristics","volume":"77","author":"Brockmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23644","article-title":"Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity with LRRK2 G2019S mutations","volume":"26","author":"Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03298.x","article-title":"Idiopathic NBIA-clinical spectrum and transcranial sonography findings","volume":"18","author":"Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01056.x","article-title":"Distinguishing Parkinson's disease and essential tremor with transcranial sonography","volume":"119","author":"Budisic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301719","article-title":"Value of combined midbrain sonography, olfactory and motor function assessment in the differential diagnosis of early Parkinson's disease","volume":"83","author":"Busse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0140","first-page":"S28","article-title":"Transcranial sonography on Parkinson's disease and essential tremor","volume":"18","author":"Chitsaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21861","article-title":"Brain parenchyma sonography and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor","volume":"23","author":"Doepp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1386325","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in psychiatry as a potential tool in diagnosis and research","volume":"30","author":"Drepper","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Journal of Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25702","article-title":"Brain iron accumulation in Wilson's disease: A longitudinal imaging case study during anticopper treatment using 7.0T MRI and transcranial sonography","volume":"47","author":"Dusek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22981","article-title":"Substantia nigra echogenicity in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"25","author":"Ebentheuer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13028","article-title":"Accuracy of transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"23","author":"Favaretto","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000700008","article-title":"Transcranial sonography as a diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease: A pilot study in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"69","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.03.016","article-title":"Ferritin as an important player in neurodegeneration","volume":"17","author":"Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165869","article-title":"Usefulness of cardiac MIBG scintigraphy, olfactory testing and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as additional diagnostic markers for distinguishing between Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Fujita","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70067-X","article-title":"The specificity and sensitivity of transcranial ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: A prospective blinded study","volume":"7","author":"Gaenslen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21230","article-title":"Substantia nigra hypoechogenicity: Definition and findings in restless legs syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Godau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21413","article-title":"Olfactory loss may be a first sign of idiopathic Parkinson's disease","volume":"22","author":"Haehner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5795-x","article-title":"Basal ganglia hyperechogenicity does not distinguish between patients with primary dystonia and healthy individuals","volume":"258","author":"Hagenah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12394","article-title":"Transcranial sonography and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism: A head-to-head comparison","volume":"21","author":"Hellwig","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70216-7","article-title":"Decreased striatal dopamine transporter uptake and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as risk markers of synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: A prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Iranzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03533.x","article-title":"Combination of transcranial sonography, olfactory testing, and MIBG myocardial scintigraphy as a diagnostic indicator for Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Izawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(03)00045-2","article-title":"Susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism\u2014Age and increased substantia nigra echogenicity as putative risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Jabs","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.002","article-title":"Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity does not correlate with motor features in Parkinson's disease","volume":"364","author":"Jesus-Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.01.001","article-title":"Transcranial sonography (TCS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) in relation with putative premotor symptoms of PD","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12034","article-title":"Transcranial brain sonography findings in two main variants of progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"20","author":"Kosti\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6294-4","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration","volume":"259","author":"Kosti\u0107","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.12.006","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in patients with Parkinson's disease with glucocerebrosidase mutations","volume":"19","author":"Kresojevi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.100067","article-title":"Depression in patients with Huntington disease correlates with alterations of the brain stem raphe depicted by transcranial sonography","volume":"36","author":"Krogias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7587-1","article-title":"Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in hypokinetic Huntington's disease patients","volume":"262","author":"Lambeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-14-54","article-title":"Ultrasonographic (TCS) and clinical findings in overlapping phenotype of essential tremor and Parkinson's disease (ET-PD)","volume":"14","author":"Lau\u010dkaite","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-12","article-title":"Specificity of transcranial sonography in parkinson spectrum disorders in comparison to degenerative cognitive syndromes","volume":"12","author":"Lau\u010dkaite","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0270","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12483","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and multiple system atrophy","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0043-6","article-title":"Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity assessed by transcranial sonography is related to neuropsychological impairment in the elderly population","volume":"115","author":"Liepelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.07.009","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA)","volume":"16","author":"Liman","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24070","article-title":"No correlation of substantia nigra echogenicity and nigrostriatal degradation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"27","author":"Lobsien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0876-x","article-title":"Transcranial sonography on Parkinson's disease and essential tremor in a Chinese population","volume":"33","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25071","article-title":"Is transcranial sonography useful to distinguish drug-induced parkinsonism from Parkinson's disease?","volume":"27","author":"Mahlknecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.04.031","article-title":"Comparison of transcranial sonography-magnetic resonance fusion imaging in Wilson's and early-onset Parkinson's diseases","volume":"28","author":"Ma\u0161kov\u00e1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.01.029","article-title":"Peroperative transcranial sonography for electrode placement into the targeted subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson disease: Technical note","volume":"63","author":"Moringlane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1284","article-title":"Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography","volume":"47","author":"Naumann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.10.011","article-title":"Transcranial sonographic findings may predict prognosis of gastroprokinetic drug-induced parkinsonism","volume":"46","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.0271","article-title":"Transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease or atypical parkinsonism: Clinical potential and limitations","volume":"46","author":"Okawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12131","article-title":"Utility of transcranial sonography in the diagnosis of drug-induced parkinsonism: A prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Olivares Romero","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.07.017","article-title":"Three-dimensional sonographic examination of the midbrain for computer-aided diagnosis of movement disorders","volume":"38","author":"Plate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.4.457","article-title":"Basal ganglia alterations and brain atrophy in Huntington's disease depicted by transcranial real time sonography","volume":"67","author":"Postert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21054","article-title":"Predictive value of transcranial sonography in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Prestel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12441","article-title":"Coronal transcranial sonography and M-mode tremor frequency determination in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor","volume":"27","author":"Richter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.06.008","article-title":"Clinical markers of early nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder","volume":"14","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1310-3","article-title":"Basal ganglia echogenicity in tauopathies","volume":"122","author":"Sadowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.9.1635","article-title":"A new assessment tool for Parkinson disease","volume":"33","author":"Sanzaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0725-5","article-title":"Cross-sectional study discloses a positive family history for Parkinson's disease and male gender as epidemiological risk factors for substantia nigra hyperechogenicity","volume":"114","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.06.006","article-title":"Hyperechogenicity of substantia nigra for differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Shafieesabet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1164-0","article-title":"Comparison study of olfactory function and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson's disease and normal control","volume":"34","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828250d6","article-title":"Olfaction and imaging biomarkers in premotor LRRK2 G2019S-associated Parkinson disease","volume":"80","author":"Sierra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4049","article-title":"Transcranial sonography of the substantia Nigra: Digital image analysis","volume":"35","author":"Skoloudik","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-013-0256-4","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in manganese-induced parkinsonism caused by drug abuse","volume":"24","author":"Skowronska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.06.020","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Skowronska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20141","article-title":"Detection of presymptomatic Parkinson's disease: Combining smell tests, transcranial sonography, and SPECT","volume":"19","author":"Sommer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl042","article-title":"Transcranial sonography and [123I]FP-CIT SPECT disclose complementary aspects of Parkinson's disease","volume":"129","author":"Spiegel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26515","article-title":"Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity and Parkinson's disease risk in patients with essential tremor","volume":"31","author":"Sprenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22483","article-title":"Midbrain hyperechogenicity in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder","volume":"24","author":"Stockner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21344","article-title":"Midbrain sonography in patients with essential tremor","volume":"22","author":"Stockner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.10.007","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in Wilson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Svetel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13172","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in dopa-responsive dystonia","volume":"24","author":"Svetel","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1159\/000327751","article-title":"Transcranial sonography reveals cerebellar, nigral, and forebrain abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia","volume":"8","author":"Synofzik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro-Degenerative Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2011.30.7.1032","article-title":"Transcranial sonography of basal ganglia calcifications in Fahr disease","volume":"30","author":"Toscano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0403-9","article-title":"Transcranial color-coded sonography helps differentiation between idiopathic Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism","volume":"254","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.196352","article-title":"Reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of substantia nigra sonography for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"81","author":"van de Loo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(10)90010-X","article-title":"Transcranial sonography in the discrimination of Parkinson's disease versus vascular parkinsonism","volume":"Vol. 90","author":"Venegas-Francke","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.08.007","article-title":"Clinical and imaging markers in premotor LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers","volume":"21","author":"Vilas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12151","article-title":"Sonographic detection of basal ganglia abnormalities in spasmodic dysphonia","volume":"21","author":"Walter","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21795","article-title":"Transcranial sonography findings in welding-related parkinsonism in comparison to Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Walter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.11.1635","article-title":"Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease","volume":"64","author":"Walter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000133006.17909.32","article-title":"Sonographic discrimination of corticobasal degeneration vs progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"63","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21197","article-title":"Transcranial brain sonography findings in clinical subgroups of idiopathic Parkinson's disease","volume":"22","author":"Walter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0023-9","article-title":"Sonographic discrimination of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia","volume":"253","author":"Walter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.05.017","article-title":"Transcranial sonographic localization of deep brain stimulation electrodes is safe, reliable and predicts clinical outcome","volume":"37","author":"Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000161847.46465.B9","article-title":"Sonographic detection of basal ganglia lesions in asymptomatic and symptomatic Wilson disease","volume":"64","author":"Walter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26425","article-title":"Magnetic resonance-transcranial ultrasound fusion imaging: A novel tool for brain electrode location","volume":"31","author":"Walter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.1.74","article-title":"Brain parenchyma sonography discriminates Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"60","author":"Walter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1356415","article-title":"Transcranial sonography (TCS) of brain parenchyma in movement disorders: Quality standards, diagnostic applications and novel technologies","volume":"35","author":"Walter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultraschall in Der Medizin\u2014European Journal of Ultrasound"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22663","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in dystonia: Sonographic monitoring of electrode placement into the globus pallidus internus","volume":"24","author":"Walter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22665","article-title":"Substantia nigra echogenicity: A structural correlate of functional impairment of the dopaminergic striatal projection in Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Weise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12974","article-title":"Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity is related to decline in verbal memory in healthy elderly adults","volume":"23","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12503","article-title":"Evaluating a patient with transcranial sonography to look for echogenicity","volume":"4","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Movement Disorders Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0550","first-page":"294","article-title":"Structural ultrasound of the medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease|Struktureller Ultraschall des medialen Temporallappens bei Alzheimer-Demenz","volume":"38","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultraschall in Der Medizin"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20550","article-title":"In vivo detection of iron and neuromelanin by transcranial sonography: A new approach for early detection of substantia nigra damage","volume":"20","author":"Zecca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.179792","article-title":"Sonographic alteration of basal ganglia in different forms of primary focal dystonia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.021","article-title":"Substantia nigra echogenicity correlated with clinical features of Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"}],"container-title":["International Review of Neurobiology","Imaging in Movement Disorders: Imaging Applications in Non-Parkinsonian and Other Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0074774218301375?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0074774218301375?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T09:52:25Z","timestamp":1720777945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0074774218301375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9780128154205"],"references-count":112,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.10.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0074-7742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0074-7742","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}