{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:03:31Z","timestamp":1790269411734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780443472169","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:54:03Z","timestamp":1773816843000},"page":"225-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease: From molecular pathology to therapeutic potential"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"family":"Priya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotirmoy","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70688","article-title":"Amyloid beta in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Mechanisms, biomarker potential, and therapeutic targets","volume":"31","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00328","article-title":"Dysregulated lipid metabolism and its role in \u03b1-synucleinopathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Alecu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12525","article-title":"Alterations in the processing of platelet APP (amyloid beta precursor protein) in Alzheimer disease: The possible nexus","volume":"45","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091525","article-title":"The role of miR-20 in health and disease of the central nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Arzhanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02074-w","article-title":"Differential roles of A\u03b242\/40, p-tau231 and p-tau217 for Alzheimer\u2019s trial selection and disease monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Ashton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02275-6","article-title":"Plasma p-tau231: A new biomarker for incipient Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"141","author":"Ashton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12370","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein as a biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Atik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5607\/en25008","article-title":"Combination of A\u03b240, A\u03b242, and Tau plasma levels to distinguish amyloid-PET positive Alzheimer patients from normal controls","volume":"34","author":"Baek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Experimental Neurobiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.01.021","article-title":"Two-level diagnostic classification using cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Baldacci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer\u2019s Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00043-5","article-title":"Healthy aging and the blood-brain barrier","volume":"1","author":"Banks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666141218140953","article-title":"Amyloid-beta protein clearance and degradation (ABCD) pathways and their role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Baranello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Alzheimer Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000112832","article-title":"Red blood cells are the major source of alpha-synuclein in blood","volume":"5","author":"Barbour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro-Degenerative Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01175-w","article-title":"Streamlined alpha-synuclein RT-QuIC assay for various biospecimens in Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"9","author":"Bargar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200861","article-title":"Blood plasma phosphorylated-tau isoforms track CNS change in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"217","author":"Barth\u00e9lemy","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3671","article-title":"Differences between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein levels across the Alzheimer disease continuum","volume":"78","author":"Benedet","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827b90d1","article-title":"Naturally occurring \u03b1-synuclein autoantibody levels are lower in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"80","author":"Besong-Agbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.07.025","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases; a mechanistic insight","volume":"74","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vesic.2025.100071","article-title":"Unveiling exosomal biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: LC-MS-based profiling","volume":"5","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Extracellular Vesicle"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13731","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Bose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00438","article-title":"Association of peripheral interleukin-6 with global cognitive decline in non-demented adults: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"9","author":"Bradburn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01117-1","article-title":"The performance of plasma amyloid beta measurements in identifying amyloid plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A literature review","volume":"14","author":"Brand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00418-9","article-title":"Central nervous system-derived extracellular vesicles: The next generation of neural circulating biomarkers?","volume":"13","author":"Bravo-Miana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Translational Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-53","article-title":"SNAP-25 is a promising novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for synapse degeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Brinkmalm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9808","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1788-16.2017","article-title":"Prying into the prion hypothesis for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Brundin","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2873","article-title":"Prion-like transmission of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"11","author":"Brundin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00125","article-title":"The exosomal\/total \u03b1-synuclein ratio in plasma is associated with glucocerebrosidase activity and correlates with measures of disease severity in PD patients","volume":"12","author":"Cerri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082139","article-title":"Synergistic interactions between Alzheimer\u2019s A\u03b240 and A\u03b242 on the surface of primary neurons revealed by single molecule microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0845-3","article-title":"Alternations of metabolic profile and kynurenine metabolism in the plasma of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Neurobiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5085","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215085","article-title":"Blood neurofilament light chain in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Comparability between Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative (PPMI) and Asian Cohorts","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6087-9","article-title":"Plasma level of chitinase 3-like 1 protein increases in patients with early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"258","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.117","article-title":"Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic targets and strategies","volume":"47","author":"Ciechanover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Experimental & Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib35","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug development pipeline: 2020","volume":"6","author":"Cummings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia (New York, N. Y.)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13080719","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: DNA methylation and histone modification","volume":"13","author":"De Plano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.056","article-title":"The cellular phase of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"164","author":"De Strooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04825-5","article-title":"Exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases: Current insights and future directions","volume":"62","author":"Dehghani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecular Neurobiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270502","article-title":"Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Correlation with cognitive severity","volume":"27","author":"DeKosky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13939","article-title":"Abnormal \u03b1-synuclein deposits in skin nerves: Intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility","volume":"26","author":"Donadio","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1684-z","article-title":"Dermal phospho-alpha-synuclein deposits confirm REM sleep behaviour disorder as prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Doppler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17455","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24736","article-title":"miRNA-based signatures in cerebrospinal fluid as potential diagnostic tools for early stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"dos Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6183","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14100","article-title":"Longitudinal plasma phosphorylated\u2010tau217 and other related biomarkers in a non\u2010demented Alzheimer\u2019s risk\u2010enhanced sample","volume":"20","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22928","article-title":"Plasma alpha-synuclein in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without treatment","volume":"25","author":"Duran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111585","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and microRNAs\u2014Lessons from model organisms and human studies","volume":"155","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.338","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein RT-QuIC in the CSF of patients with alpha-synucleinopathies","volume":"3","author":"Fairfoul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes7010005","article-title":"SNCA gene methylation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"7","author":"Fedotova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epigenomes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Feigin","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1305933","article-title":"Immunological dimensions of neuroinflammation and microglial activation: Exploring innovative immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory progression","volume":"14","author":"Fornari Laurindo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02540","article-title":"A longitudinal study on \u03b1-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Foulds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-179192","article-title":"Phosphorylated \u03b1-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Foulds","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"7790","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1895-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded CD8 T cells patrol the cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"577","author":"Gate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2015.04.006","article-title":"A comprehensive glycome profiling of Huntington\u2019s disease transgenic mice","volume":"1850","author":"Gizaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"issue":"465","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4066","article-title":"Inflammasome inhibition prevents \u03b1-synuclein pathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.32","article-title":"Striatal blood-brain barrier permeability in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism: Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2024.100907","article-title":"Platelet-derived microparticles and their cargos: The past, present and future","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3115","article-title":"Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Academic, industry and regulatory perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Hampel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.017","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current state and future use in a transformed global healthcare landscape","volume":"111","author":"Hampel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101346","article-title":"Omics sciences for systems biology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: State-of-the-art of the evidence","volume":"69","author":"Hampel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0079-7","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: Mapping the road to the clinic","volume":"14","author":"Hampel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00403-3","article-title":"Blood biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in clinical practice and trials","volume":"3","author":"Hansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003680","article-title":"Blood-based NfL: A biomarker for differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorder","volume":"88","author":"Hansson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5580","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science (New York, N. Y.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet. Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7307","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137307","article-title":"Tau as a biomarker of neurodegeneration","volume":"23","author":"Holper","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq008","article-title":"DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2206144","article-title":"Marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes upregulate astrocytic glutamate Transporter-1 expression via miR-124\/mTOR pathway against oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reperfusion injury","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Integrative Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA research framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer\u2019s Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0755-1","article-title":"Plasma P-tau181 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Relationship to other biomarkers, differential diagnosis, neuropathology and longitudinal progression to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"26","author":"Janelidze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0755-1","article-title":"Plasma P-tau181 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Relationship to other biomarkers, differential diagnosis, neuropathology and longitudinal progression to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"26","author":"Janelidze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3180","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of 8 plasma amyloid-\u03b2 42\/40 assays in Alzheimer disease","volume":"78","author":"Janelidze","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0815-6","article-title":"Large-scale proteomic analysis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain and cerebrospinal fluid reveals early changes in energy metabolism associated with microglia and astrocyte activation","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2012.12.051","article-title":"Single-molecule imaging reveals A\u03b242:A\u03b240 ratio-dependent oligomer growth on neuronal processes","volume":"104","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.003","article-title":"DJ-1 and prevention of oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other age-related disorders","volume":"47","author":"Kahle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30071-5","article-title":"Blood phosphorylated tau 181 as a biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A diagnostic performance and prediction modelling study using data from four prospective cohorts","volume":"19","author":"Karikari","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet. Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14612-6","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light levels in normal aging and their association with morphologic brain changes","volume":"11","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-130932","article-title":"MicroRNAs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as potential markers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Kiko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac115","article-title":"Detection of neuron-derived pathological \u03b1-synuclein in blood","volume":"145","author":"Kluge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15465","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based methods for robust measurement of Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers in biological fluids","volume":"159","author":"Korecka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.06.001","article-title":"Are circulating microRNAs peripheral biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"1862","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.10.009","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the synaptic protein neurogranin correlates with cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Kvartsberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer\u2019s Association"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316201","article-title":"Peripheral inflammatory markers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 175 studies","volume":"88","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0427-9","article-title":"The plasma alpha-synuclein levels in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria: 1996)"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02481-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease peripheral immune biomarker profile: A multicentre, cross-sectional and longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219987","article-title":"Utility of chemokines CCL2, CXCL8, 10 and 13 and interleukin 6 in the pediatric cohort for the recognition of neuroinflammation and in the context of traditional cerebrospinal fluid neuroinflammatory biomarkers","volume":"14","author":"Liba","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1104","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008088","article-title":"Blood NfL: A biomarker for disease severity and progression in Parkinson disease","volume":"93","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7113","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00004-4","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Lorenzl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochemistry International"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00362-y","article-title":"Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease are influenced by treatment","volume":"15","author":"Lowes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.720778","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid MicroRNA changes in cognitively normal veterans with a history of deployment-associated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Lusardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib91","first-page":"804","article-title":"The impact of SNCA variations and its product alpha-synuclein on non-motor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Magistrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Chicago, Ill.: 1978)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.11.027","article-title":"Secretion of DJ-1 into the serum of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"431","author":"Maita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3466","article-title":"Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Mapstone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007179","article-title":"Serum NFL discriminates Parkinson disease from atypical parkinsonisms","volume":"92","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.6117","article-title":"Association of plasma neurofilament light with neurodegeneration in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"74","author":"Mattsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202114022","article-title":"Soluble P-tau217 reflects amyloid and tau pathology and mediates the association of amyloid with tau","volume":"13","author":"Mattsson-Carlgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.03.014","article-title":"Plasma ceramides are altered in mild cognitive impairment and predict cognitive decline and hippocampal volume loss","volume":"6","author":"Mielke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer\u2019s Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.01.011","article-title":"CSF \u03b1-synuclein and UCH-L1 levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders","volume":"20","author":"Mondello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0662-9","article-title":"Complement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4986","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of blood phosphorylated Tau181 and neurofilament light chain with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease","volume":"78","author":"Moscoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0471-9","article-title":"Evaluation of markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant function and astrocytic proliferation in the striatum and frontal cortex of Parkinson\u2019s disease brains","volume":"36","author":"Mythri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochemical Research"},{"issue":"7691","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25456","article-title":"High performance plasma amyloid-\u03b2 biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"554","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180325","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum is increased in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and correlates with cognitive impairment","volume":"67","author":"Oeckl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8564","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178564","article-title":"The role of blood-based biomarkers in transforming Alzheimer\u2019s disease research and clinical management: A review","volume":"26","author":"Pacoova Dal Maschio","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pais, M.V., Forlenza, O.V., & Diniz, B.S. (n.d.). Plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review of available assays, recent developments, and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Reports, 7(1), 355\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ADR-230029.","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-230029"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12134","article-title":"Discriminative accuracy of plasma phospho-tau217 for Alzheimer disease vs other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"324","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1632","article-title":"Performance of fully automated plasma assays as screening tests for Alzheimer disease-related \u03b2-amyloid status","volume":"76","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001991","article-title":"Detailed comparison of amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers for identifying early Alzheimer disease","volume":"85","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30024-9","article-title":"CSF and blood biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Parnetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet. Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab223","article-title":"Plasma GFAP is an early marker of amyloid-\u03b2 but not tau pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Disease Primers"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv267","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin: Relation to cognition and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"138","author":"Portelius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2024.0286","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 and phosphorylated tau are the key biomarkers and predictors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Pradeepkiran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging and Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0304-3","article-title":"Serum neurofilament dynamics predicts neurodegeneration and clinical progression in presymptomatic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Preische","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0695-4","article-title":"Plasma neuronal exosomes serve as biomarkers of cognitive impairment in HIV infection and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Pulliam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.033","article-title":"Reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number is a biomarker of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Pyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2742","article-title":"Aberrations in peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00384","article-title":"C-Reactive protein and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_440_19","article-title":"Clinical application of circulating MicroRNAs in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The challenges and opportunities as diagnostic biomarker","volume":"23","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1641","article-title":"Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations","volume":"28","author":"Rissin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0772-4","article-title":"Longitudinal plasma amyloid beta as a biomarker of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"119","author":"Rissman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria: 1996)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwx022","article-title":"The N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G as a novel biomarker of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e518","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004932","article-title":"Plasma neurofilament light chain concentration in the inherited peripheral neuropathies","volume":"90","author":"Sandelius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9402-z","article-title":"CD4+ regulatory and effector\/memory T cell subsets profile motor dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Saunders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology: The Official Journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260698.46517.8f","article-title":"Synaptic alterations in CA1 in mild Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"68","author":"Scheff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1647","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008081","article-title":"High-precision plasma \u03b2-amyloid 42\/40 predicts current and future brain amyloidosis","volume":"93","author":"Schindler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10265","article-title":"Early inflammation and dementia: A 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia aging study","volume":"52","author":"Schmidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2018.12.001","article-title":"Biomarkers for tau pathology","volume":"97","author":"Sch\u00f6ll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2217\/17520363.2.4.363","article-title":"Tau as a biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"2","author":"Schraen-Maschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomarkers in Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70377","article-title":"Use of biomarkers in drug development for regulatory purposes","volume":"18","author":"Schuck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical and Translational Science"},{"issue":"5594","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074069","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease is a synaptic failure","volume":"298","author":"Selkoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science (New York, N. Y.)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease at 25 years","volume":"8","author":"Selkoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.40954","article-title":"Interleukin-17 in human inflammatory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Shabgah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Dermatology and Allergology\/Poste\u00b8py Dermatologii i Alergologii, 31"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00791-2","article-title":"MicroRNAs regulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease, and their potential role as diagnostic and therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Shaheen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100557","article-title":"Ultrasensitive protein detection technologies for extracellular vesicle measurements","volume":"22","author":"Shami-Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0316-0","article-title":"Circulating brain-enriched microRNAs as novel biomarkers for detection and differentiation of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Sheinerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-01026-0","article-title":"Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases","volume":"12","author":"Shetgaonkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1314-y","article-title":"Plasma exosomal \u03b1-synuclein is likely CNS-derived and increased in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"128","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.06.009","article-title":"Significance and confounders of peripheral DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"480","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28333","article-title":"Plasma neurofilament light as a biomarker of neurological involvement in Wilson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Shribman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.10.1541","article-title":"Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: Evidence of slowing of the functional decline","volume":"59","author":"Shults","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00109-6","article-title":"Assessment of heterogeneity among participants in the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative cohort using \u03b1-synuclein seed amplification: A cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Siderowf","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet. Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009399","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009399","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Stefanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201506123","article-title":"sTREM2 cerebrospinal fluid levels are a potential biomarker for microglia activity in early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease and associate with neuronal injury markers","volume":"8","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Calvet","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.012","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Swardfager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x","article-title":"The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier: From physiology to disease and back","volume":"99","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.11.004","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention","volume":"37","author":"Tansey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14290","article-title":"Immune system responses in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Early and dynamic","volume":"49","author":"Tansey","year":"2019","journal-title":"The European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14397","article-title":"Plasma p\u2010tau immunoassays in clinical research for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Teunissen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0762-2","article-title":"Diagnostic value of plasma phosphorylated tau181 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"26","author":"Thijssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040850","article-title":"Untargeted lipidomic reveals potential biomarkers in plasma samples for the discrimination of patients affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Tkachenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fd613b","article-title":"Detection of elevated levels of \u03b1-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"75","author":"Tokuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106505","article-title":"Targeting dysregulated lipid metabolism for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Current advancements and future prospects","volume":"196","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063644","article-title":"Identification of altered metabolic pathways in plasma and CSF in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease using metabolomics","volume":"8","author":"Trushina","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.107772","article-title":"Tau biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases: Current state and perspectives","volume":"134","author":"Vacchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.04.009","article-title":"Sphingolipids as prognostic biomarkers of neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and psychiatric diseases and their emerging role in lipidomic investigation methods","volume":"159","author":"van Kruining","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002482","article-title":"Brain and blood metabolite signatures of pathology and progression in Alzheimer disease: A targeted metabolomics study","volume":"15","author":"Varma","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skin \u03b1-synuclein aggregation seeding activity as a novel biomarker for Parkinson disease","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.05.011","article-title":"Increased level of DJ-1 in the cerebrospinal fluids of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"345","author":"Waragai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1364658","article-title":"Clinical utility of plasma A\u03b242\/40 ratio by LC-MS\/MS in Alzheimer\u2019s disease assessment","volume":"15","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010131","article-title":"Lipids as emerging biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"25","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0795-2","article-title":"Multiplex proteomics identifies novel CSF and plasma biomarkers of early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Whelan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8893-9","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light is increased in multiple system atrophy of cerebellar type and in repeat-expansion spinocerebellar ataxias: A pilot study","volume":"265","author":"Wilke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt103","article-title":"Lipidomics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current status","volume":"4","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150336","article-title":"Targeted lipidomics of fontal cortex and plasma diacylglycerols (DAG) in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Validation of DAG accumulation early in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.390961","article-title":"The functions of exosomes targeting astrocytes and astrocyte-derived exosomes targeting other cell types","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1442173","article-title":"Plasma level of alpha-synuclein oligomers as a biomarker for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder diagnosis and progression: A prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Ying","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.10.025","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease-An update","volume":"319","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt163","article-title":"Plasma tau levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2025.1644633","article-title":"Strategies for delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Drug Delivery"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06375-x","article-title":"Global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias attributed to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2021: Results from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/DNND.S471174","article-title":"Advances in blood biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Ultra-sensitive detection technologies and impact on clinical diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00438","article-title":"Increased DJ-1 and \u03b1-synuclein in plasma neural-derived exosomes as potential markers for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.261","article-title":"Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications","volume":"4","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113064","article-title":"DNA methylation in genetic and sporadic forms of neurodegeneration: Lessons from Alzheimer\u2019s, related tauopathies and genetic tauopathies","volume":"10","author":"Zimmer-Bensch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["International Review of Neurobiology","Blood-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimers and Parkinsons Disease - Part A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0074774226000267?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0074774226000267?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:22:54Z","timestamp":1790266974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0074774226000267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9780443472169"],"references-count":177,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2026.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0074-7742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0074-7742","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}