{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:56:20Z","timestamp":1772067380206,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780444637161","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T15:31:44Z","timestamp":1445959904000},"page":"227-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Human pharmacology for addiction medicine"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Boris B.","family":"Quednow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Herdener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1517\/13543780902905855","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for alcohol dependence: balancing the risks and benefits. A focus on clinical data","volume":"18","author":"Addolorato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089509055828","article-title":"The efficacy of treatments in reducing alcohol consumption: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Agosti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.12.029","article-title":"An overview of medications for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and alcohol dependence with an emphasis on the use of older and newer anticonvulsants","volume":"31","author":"Ait-Daoud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.109","article-title":"Cannabinoid replacement therapy (CRT): nabiximols (Sativex) as a novel treatment for cannabis withdrawal","volume":"97","author":"Allsop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0025","first-page":"CD003409","article-title":"Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal","author":"Amato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0030","first-page":"CD006306","article-title":"Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence","author":"Amato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0035","first-page":"CD005063","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal","author":"Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0040","first-page":"CD008537","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome","author":"Amato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0045","series-title":"Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Substance Use Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence","volume":"18","author":"Ashton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12116","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: pharmacological principles and clinical practice","volume":"77","author":"Aubin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0060","series-title":"Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung Alkoholbezogener St\u00f6rungen","author":"AWMF","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300811","article-title":"Nalmefene induced elevation in serum prolactin in normal human volunteers: partial kappa opioid agonist activity?","volume":"30","author":"Bart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12440","article-title":"Maintenance treatment for opioid dependence with slow-release oral morphine: a randomized cross-over, non-inferiority study versus methadone","volume":"109","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03145.x","article-title":"Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence and withdrawal","volume":"106","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809890","article-title":"Nicotine addiction","volume":"362","author":"Benowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.01.001","article-title":"The promise of N-acetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry","volume":"34","author":"Berk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v18n04_06","article-title":"Cocaine abuse sharply reduced in an effective methadone maintenance program","volume":"18","author":"Borg","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111421975","article-title":"Reconsidering GHB: orphan drug or new model antidepressant?","volume":"26","author":"Bosch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01247.x","article-title":"EFNS guideline on the diagnosis and management of alcohol-related seizures: report of an EFNS task force","volume":"12","author":"Br\u00e5then","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.014","article-title":"Methadone maintenance treatment: a protective factor for cocaine injection in a street-recruited cohort of heroin users","volume":"112","author":"Bravo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0110","first-page":"99","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a review","volume":"5","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990624","article-title":"GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD addiction","volume":"20","author":"Brunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02633.x","article-title":"Opioid agonist pharmacotherapy in New South Wales from 1985 to 2006: patient characteristics and patterns and predictors of treatment retention","volume":"104","author":"Burns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0125","first-page":"CD009329","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420118-7.00005-6","article-title":"Bupropion and bupropion analogs as treatments for CNS disorders","volume":"69","author":"Carroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0135","first-page":"CD007380","article-title":"Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence","author":"Castells","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.01.006","article-title":"Buprenorphine reduces alcohol drinking through activation of the nociceptin\/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor system","volume":"61","author":"Ciccocioppo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260902782745","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder: epidemiology and management","volume":"21","author":"Copeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500223132","article-title":"The acute anti-craving effect of acamprosate in alcohol-preferring rats is associated with modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system","volume":"10","author":"Cowen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.10.1117","article-title":"Symptom-triggered vs fixed-schedule doses of benzodiazepine for alcohol withdrawal: a randomized treatment trial","volume":"162","author":"Daeppen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00652-9","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of nicotine addiction","volume":"70","author":"Dani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02025.x","article-title":"Risk of fatal overdose during and after specialist drug treatment: the VEdeTTE study, a national multi-site prospective cohort study","volume":"102","author":"Davoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.05.021","article-title":"Mortality among clients of a state-wide opioid pharmacotherapy program over 20 years: risk factors and lives saved","volume":"105","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x","article-title":"Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"106","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000333022","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate detoxification by titration and tapering","volume":"18","author":"de Jong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.438","article-title":"Predictors of pretreatment commitment to abstinence: results from the COMBINE study","volume":"75","author":"Demartini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0190","first-page":"CD005336","article-title":"Psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis abuse and\/or dependence in outpatient settings","author":"Denis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0195","series-title":"Drug misuse and dependence. UK guidelines on clinical management","author":"Department of Health England","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE","article-title":"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors","volume":"328","author":"Doll","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300101","article-title":"A clinical laboratory paradigm for evaluating medication effects on alcohol consumption: naltrexone and nalmefene","volume":"28","author":"Drobes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000139704.88862.01","article-title":"Effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on subjective response to alcohol among non-treatment-seeking alcoholics and social drinkers","volume":"28","author":"Drobes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0215","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical potential of methylphenidate in the treatment of cocaine addiction: a review of the current evidence","volume":"6","author":"D\u00fcrsteler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0220","series-title":"Treatment for cocaine dependence\u2014reviewing current evidence [online]","author":"EMCDDA","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0225","series-title":"Guideline on the development of medicinal products for the treatment of alcohol dependence","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0230","series-title":"Selincro assessment report","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2823","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2823","article-title":"Maintenance drugs to treat opioid dependence","volume":"344","author":"Farrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0240","first-page":"CD009879","article-title":"Slow-release oral morphine as maintenance therapy for opioid dependence","volume":"6","author":"Ferri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-6-901","article-title":"Disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism. An evaluation in 128 men","volume":"90","author":"Fuller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800020013003","article-title":"Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers. Clinical observations","volume":"43","author":"Gawin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0255","first-page":"CD002025","article-title":"Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0260","first-page":"CD002024","article-title":"Alpha2-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.02.006","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, efficacy study of nalmefene, as-needed use, in patients with alcohol dependence","volume":"23","author":"Gual","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.2165\/11538190-000000000-00000","article-title":"Adverse effects and tolerability of medications for the treatment of tobacco use and dependence","volume":"70","author":"Hays","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp096","article-title":"Initial preference for drinking goal in the treatment of alcohol problems: I. Baseline differences between abstinence and non-abstinence groups","volume":"45","author":"Heather","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29586-0","article-title":"Comparison of pharmacological activities of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine: norbuprenorphine is a potent opioid agonist","volume":"297","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701188919","article-title":"Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course","volume":"9","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02334.x","article-title":"Slow-release oral morphine for maintenance treatment of opioid addicts intolerant to methadone or with inadequate withdrawal suppression","volume":"103","author":"Kastelic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1169","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13r08525","article-title":"Antipsychotics for cocaine or psychostimulant dependence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"74","author":"Kishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0300","first-page":"858","article-title":"The treatment gap in mental health care","volume":"82","author":"Kohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1185\/030079908X280707","article-title":"A qualitative review of issues arising in the use of psycho-stimulant medications in patients with ADHD and co-morbid substance use disorders","volume":"24","author":"Kollins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.07.011","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic randomized trial for cocaine abuse: disulfiram and dopamine beta-hydroxylase","volume":"73","author":"Kosten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00013.x","article-title":"Follow-up of 180 alcoholic patients for up to 7 years after outpatient treatment: impact of alcohol deterrents on outcome","volume":"30","author":"Krampe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-010-0135-5","article-title":"Use of naltrexone to treat opioid addiction in a country in which methadone and buprenorphine are not available","volume":"12","author":"Krupitsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12011","article-title":"Injectable and implantable sustained release naltrexone in the treatment of opioid addiction","volume":"77","author":"Kunoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm136","article-title":"A randomized, multicentre, open-label, comparative trial of disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"43","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03746.x","article-title":"Stimulant withdrawal","volume":"89","author":"Lago","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0340","first-page":"CD001292","article-title":"Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation","author":"Lancaster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0345","first-page":"CD006266","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses","author":"Leone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112444324","article-title":"BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP","volume":"26","author":"Lingford-Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000045","article-title":"A review of buprenorphine diversion and misuse: the current evidence base and experiences from around the world","volume":"8","author":"Lofwall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10331","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10331.2003","article-title":"Buprenorphine-induced antinociception is mediated by mu-opioid receptors and compromised by concomitant activation of opioid receptor-like receptors","volume":"23","author":"Lutfy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02653.x","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, parallel group study to compare the efficacy, safety and tolerability of slow-release oral morphine versus methadone in opioid-dependent in-patients willing to undergo detoxification","volume":"104","author":"Madlung-Kratzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00690.x","article-title":"Acamprosate: recent findings and future research directions","volume":"32","author":"Mann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.020","article-title":"Extending the treatment options in alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled study of as-needed nalmefene","volume":"73","author":"Mann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.012","article-title":"Psychostimulant treatment of cocaine dependence","volume":"35","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0385","first-page":"17","article-title":"Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal","volume":"4","author":"Markou","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990425","article-title":"The potential of pregabalin in neurology, psychiatry and addiction: a qualitative overview","volume":"19","author":"Martinotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1517\/14740330903512943","article-title":"The neurobiology, clinical efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"9","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.8.719","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence","volume":"56","author":"Mason","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0405","first-page":"CD002207","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence","author":"Mattick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0410","first-page":"CD002209","article-title":"Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence","author":"Mattick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550020076042","article-title":"Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal","volume":"278","author":"Mayo-Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0142-x","article-title":"Potential role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of substance use disorders","volume":"28","author":"McClure","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2014.950025","article-title":"Association between drinking goal and alcohol use one year after residential treatment: a multicenter study","volume":"33","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0430","first-page":"CD005064","article-title":"Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal","author":"Minozzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0435","first-page":"CD001333","article-title":"Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence","author":"Minozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0440","first-page":"CD006754","article-title":"Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence","volume":"4","author":"Minozzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2003.09.004","article-title":"Randomized trial of buprenorphine for treatment of concurrent opiate and cocaine dependence","volume":"75","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27016","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027016","article-title":"Suicidal behavior and depression in smoking cessation treatments","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2005.10399814","article-title":"A retrospective chart review comparing tiagabine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal","volume":"37","author":"Myrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00986.x","article-title":"A double-blind trial of gabapentin versus lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal","volume":"33","author":"Myrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0465","series-title":"Drug misuse\u2014psychosocial interventions: NICE clinical guideline 51","author":"NICE","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0470","series-title":"Alcohol use disorders: the NICE guideline on the diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence","author":"NICE","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03870.x","article-title":"Defining dosing pattern characteristics of successful tapers following methadone maintenance treatment: results from a population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"107","author":"Nosyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113504017","article-title":"The role of the opioid system in alcohol dependence","volume":"28","author":"Nutt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61462-6","article-title":"Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis","volume":"376","author":"Nutt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08934","article-title":"Reduction of alcohol drinking in young adults by naltrexone: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety","volume":"76","author":"O'Malley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300219","article-title":"A functional polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene is associated with naltrexone response in alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"28","author":"Oslin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.3053","article-title":"Naltrexone vs placebo for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"72","author":"Oslin","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0505","first-page":"CD007024","article-title":"Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence","author":"Pani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0510","first-page":"CD002950","article-title":"Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use","author":"Pani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03309.x","article-title":"The pharmacology and toxicology of disulfiram and its metabolites","volume":"369","author":"Petersen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.983472","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments for drug misuse and dependence","volume":"16","author":"Reed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60746-7","article-title":"Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders","volume":"373","author":"Rehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0530","first-page":"CD004332","article-title":"Acamprosate for alcohol dependence","author":"R\u00f6sner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0535","first-page":"CD001867","article-title":"Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence","author":"R\u00f6sner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.009","article-title":"Treatment of cocaine dependence and depression","volume":"56","author":"Rounsaville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.127","article-title":"Disulfiram attenuates drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking via inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase","volume":"35","author":"Schroeder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519080-00001","article-title":"Substance abuse in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Schubiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb03551.x","article-title":"The histories of withdrawal convulsions and delirium tremens in 1648 alcohol dependent subjects","volume":"90","author":"Schuckit","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08r04062gry","article-title":"Topiramate in the treatment of substance-related disorders: a critical review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Shinn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0565","first-page":"CD003021","article-title":"Treatment for amphetamine withdrawal","author":"Shoptaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-119","article-title":"Novel pharmacotherapeutic treatments for cocaine addiction","volume":"9","author":"Shorter","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087366","article-title":"Disulfiram efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Skinner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.021","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement as a treatment for drug addictions","volume":"64","author":"Sofuoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0585","first-page":"CD003022","article-title":"Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse","author":"Srisurapanont","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0590","first-page":"CD009670","article-title":"Behavioural interventions as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation","volume":"12","author":"Stead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7396.959","article-title":"Loss of tolerance and overdose mortality after inpatient opiate detoxification: follow up study","volume":"326","author":"Strang","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x","article-title":"Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar)","volume":"84","author":"Sullivan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.3.332","article-title":"The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism","volume":"152","author":"Tsai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.125","article-title":"Effect of acamprosate on magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of central glutamate in detoxified alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized controlled experimental medicine study","volume":"67","author":"Umhau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.0607e15","article-title":"Managing ADHD in the presence of comorbid substance use disorder","volume":"68","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0620","series-title":"The health consequences of smoking: a report of the surgeon general","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711205010003","article-title":"Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of substance use disorders and pathological gambling","volume":"5","author":"van den Brink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abuse Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt061","article-title":"Efficacy of as-needed nalmefene in alcohol-dependent patients with at least a high drinking risk level: results from a subgroup analysis of two randomized controlled 6-month studies","volume":"48","author":"van den Brink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.71","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in cocaine users is drug-induced but partially reversible: evidence from a longitudinal study","volume":"39","author":"Vonmoos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301438","article-title":"Pharmacological evidence for a motivational role of kappa-opioid systems in ethanol dependence","volume":"33","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v25n02_03","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal pharmacotherapy for inpatients with medical comorbidity","volume":"25","author":"Weaver","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102035","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of cytisine for smoking cessation","volume":"365","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7357.191","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and mortality: modelling risks for men and women at different ages","volume":"325","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c1571","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1571","article-title":"Assessment and management of cannabis use disorders in primary care","volume":"340","author":"Winstock","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0665","series-title":"Guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017_bb0670","series-title":"WHO global report: mortality attributable to tobacco","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Progress in Brain Research","Neuroscience for Addiction Medicine: From Prevention to Rehabilitation - Methods and Interventions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0079612315001235?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0079612315001235?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T05:08:55Z","timestamp":1748668135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0079612315001235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9780444637161"],"references-count":134,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0079-6123"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0079-6123","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}