{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:08:56Z","timestamp":1788876536209,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780443520167","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:33:14Z","timestamp":1786707194000},"page":"129-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insomnia phenotypes and neurocognitive biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Mansoor","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawad","family":"Taj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.003","article-title":"Reduced orbitofrontal and parietal gray matter in chronic insomnia: a voxel-based morphometric study","volume":"67","author":"Altena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib2","article-title":"Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia","author":"Altena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2015.1046356","article-title":"The SBSM guide to actigraphy monitoring: clinical and research applications","volume":"13","author":"Ancoli-Israel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep. Med."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.01.011","article-title":"Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies","volume":"135","author":"Baglioni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0850-6","article-title":"Insomnia, short sleep duration, and high blood pressure: recent evidence and future directions for the prevention and management of hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Bathgate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.10.005","article-title":"Insomnia heterogeneity: characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping","author":"Benjamins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.10.005","article-title":"Insomnia heterogeneity: characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping","volume":"36","author":"Benjamins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.193","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"309","author":"Buysse","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.33425\/2641-4333.1086","article-title":"Bridging the gap between laboratory and real-world sleep assessment: the emerging role of EEG-derived biomarkers in clinical and translational sleep neuroscience","volume":"8","author":"Casazza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. - Res. & Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5586","article-title":"Gender differences in regional brain activity in patients with chronic primary insomnia: evidence from a resting-state fMRI study","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med. (JCSM)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2023.2171479","article-title":"The potential of biomarkers for diagnosing insomnia: consensus statement of the WFSBP task force on sleep disorders","volume":"24","author":"Dikeos","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2952","article-title":"Neural correlates of working memory performance in primary insomnia","volume":"36","author":"Drummond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.661286","article-title":"Alterations of subcortical brain structures in paradoxical and psychophysiological insomnia disorder","author":"Emamian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.806374","article-title":"Self-reported sleep quality across age modulates resting-state functional connectivity in limbic and fronto-temporo-parietal networks: an exploratory cross-sectional fMRI study","volume":"14","author":"Federico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14784","article-title":"Insomnia disorder: clinical and research challenges for the 21st century","volume":"28","author":"Ferini-Strambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14784","article-title":"Insomnia disorder: clinical and research challenges for the 21st century","volume":"28","author":"Ferini\u2010Strambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib17","article-title":"Insomnia and cardiometabolic disease risk","author":"Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.325686","article-title":"Insomnia phenotypes, cardiovascular risk and their link to brain health","author":"Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy061.347","article-title":"0348 Menopause, hormone replacement therapy and insomnia phenotypes based on objective sleep duration: the penn state adult cohort","author":"Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib20","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with cognitive impairment: a first look at cardiometabolic contributors to brain health","author":"Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0418-8","article-title":"Insomnia and its impact on physical and mental health","author":"Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4172","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in individuals with insomnia: clinical significance and correlates","volume":"37","author":"Fortier-Brochu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib23","article-title":"Increased connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex is associated with the tendency to awakening during N2 sleep in patients with insomnia disorder","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00061-4","article-title":"A cognitive model of insomnia","volume":"40","author":"Harvey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025730","article-title":"Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution","volume":"138","author":"Harvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01002.x","article-title":"Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia","author":"Hasler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howlett RDM, Lustig KA, MacDonald KJ, Cote KA. Hyperarousal Is Associated with Socioemotional Processing in Individuals with Insomnia Symptoms and Good Sleepers. Brain Sci. 2020 Feb 20;10(2):112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10020112. PMID: 32093215; PMCID: PMC7071480.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020112"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3836","article-title":"Hippocampal substructural vulnerability to sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic primary insomnia: magnetic resonance imaging morphometry","author":"Joo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2796","article-title":"Brain gray matter deficits in patients with chronic primary insomnia","author":"Joo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6154","article-title":"Sleep-wake differences in relative regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose among patients with insomnia compared with good sleepers","author":"Kay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12747","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance in insomnia disorder: the impact of hyperarousal and short sleep duration","author":"Khassawneh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib32","article-title":"Reduced prefrontal activation during cognitive control under emotional interference in chronic insomnia disorder","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.210066","article-title":"Thalamocortical functional connectivity in patients with insomnia using resting-state fMRI","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry & Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S399644","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive impairments and sleep quality measures in persistent insomnia disorder","volume":"15","author":"Kunstler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad205","article-title":"Amygdala resting-state functional connectivity alterations in patients with chronic insomnia disorder: correlation with EEG beta power during","author":"Kweon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib36","article-title":"Odds ratio product as a biological marker of phenotypes of insomnia","author":"Lambing","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70169","article-title":"Odds ratio product as a biological marker of phenotypes of insomnia","volume":"35","author":"Lambing","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambing, Kari & Guadagni, Veronica & Gerardy, Bethany & Bender, Amy & Younes, Magdy & Bastien, Celyne. (2024). 0430 Odds Ratio Product as a Biological Marker of Hyperarousal in Insomnia with Short Sleep Duration. SLEEP. 47. A184-A185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsae067.0430.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae067.0430"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1700496","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in neurodegenerative disorders-targeting sleep disturbances in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Latella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib40","article-title":"Changes in subcortical resting-state functional connectivity in patients with psychophysiological insomnia after cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib41","article-title":"Increased hippocampal\u2010prefrontal functional connectivity in insomnia","author":"Leerssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70217","article-title":"Polysomnography in transition: reassessing its role in the future of sleep medicine","volume":"34","author":"Leger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101253","article-title":"Pre-sleep cognitive activity in adults: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Lemyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib44","article-title":"Abnormal spontaneous regional brain activity in primary insomnia: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01037","article-title":"Multivariate Pattern Classification of Primary Insomnia Using Three Types of Functional Connectivity Features","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100965","article-title":"Examination of daytime sleepiness and cognitive performance testing in patients with primary insomnia","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1872","article-title":"Wrist actigraphy","volume":"139","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib48","series-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders","author":"Medicine","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib49","article-title":"White matter microstructural abnormalities in primary insomnia: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1880","article-title":"Cortical GABA levels in primary insomnia","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1547","article-title":"Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS): validation of a brief version (DBAS-16)","volume":"30","author":"Morin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90004-X","article-title":"The phenomenology of the pre-sleep state: the development of the pre-sleep arousal scale","volume":"23","author":"Nicassio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220924","article-title":"Insomnia symptoms and biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the community","volume":"91","author":"Nicolazzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13910","article-title":"Insomnia nosology: a systematic review and critical appraisal of historical diagnostic categories and current phenotypes","volume":"32","author":"Nyhuis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.688672","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in insomnia phenotypes: further evidence for different disorders","volume":"12","author":"Olaithe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy061.075","article-title":"0076 A comparison of resting cerebral blood flow in patients with primary insomnia and good sleeper controls","author":"Orff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.1997.00045.x","article-title":"Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective","author":"Perlis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinkston, S.W., 2019. Insomnia and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas Libraries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12794\/metadc1505168. (no date).","DOI":"10.12794\/metadc1505168"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.4","article-title":"Reduced \u03b3-aminobutyric acid in occipital and anterior cingulate cortices in primary insomnia: a link to major depressive disorder?","author":"Plante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac240","article-title":"Biomarkers of sleep and insomnia-challenges and opportunities","volume":"45","author":"Prather","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140290","article-title":"Objective sleep disturbances are associated with greater waking resting-state connectivity between the retrosplenial cortex\/hippocampus and various nodes of the default mode network","volume":"41","author":"Regen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2576643","article-title":"Circadian clock genes and insomnia: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"57","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06692-1","article-title":"Insomnia disorder with objective short sleep duration (ISS) phenotype and cognitive performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ctn7040030","article-title":"The psychoneurobiology of insomnia: hyperarousal and REM sleep instability","author":"Riemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0411-y","article-title":"Sleep, insomnia, and depression","volume":"45","author":"Riemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00021-6","article-title":"The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia","volume":"14","author":"Riemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00021-6","article-title":"The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia","author":"Riemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267978","article-title":"Chronic insomnia: clinical and research challenges \u2013 an agenda","author":"Riemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.04.002","article-title":"The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence","volume":"14","author":"Riemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.8.955","article-title":"Chronic insomnia and MRI-measured hippocampal volumes: a pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Riemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib72","article-title":"Neuroimaging of NREM sleep in primary insomnia: a Tc-99-HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography study","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib73","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences","author":"Someren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1575-5","article-title":"fMRI brain activation in patients with insomnia disorder during a working memory task","volume":"22","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep. Breath."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0405-0","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies in insomnia","author":"Spiegelhalder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156771","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with insomnia: a repeated measurement study","author":"Spiegelhalder","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30532-X","article-title":"A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment","volume":"10","author":"Spielman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00047","article-title":"Cerebral asymmetry in insomnia sufferers","author":"St-Jean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neur."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2841","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Trauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00046.2019","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences","volume":"101","author":"Van Someren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.628836","article-title":"Conceptual framework for insomnia: a cognitive model in practice","volume":"15","author":"Vaziri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.4.491","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Vgontzas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4680-0","article-title":"Increased insular connectivity with emotional regions in primary insomnia patients: a resting-state fMRI study","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.03.009","article-title":"Lack of hippocampal volume differences in primary insomnia and good sleeper controls: an MRI volumetric study at 3 Tesla","author":"Winkelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.11.1499","article-title":"Reduced brain GABA in primary insomnia: preliminary data from 4T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)","author":"Winkelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2794","article-title":"Increased rostral anterior cingulate cortex volume in chronic primary insomnia","volume":"36","author":"Winkelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib88","article-title":"New insights and potential clinical implications of the odds ratio product","volume":"14 - 2023","author":"Younes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab145","article-title":"Characteristics and reproducibility of novel sleep EEG biomarkers and their variation with sleep apnea and insomnia in a large community-based cohort","author":"Younes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younes M, Kuna ST, Pack AI, Walsh JK, Kushida CA, Staley B, Pien GW. Reliability of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Rules for Assessing Sleep Depth in Clinical Practice. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2018 Feb 15;14(2):205-213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.6934. PMID: 29351821; PMCID: PMC5786839.","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6934"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S263528","article-title":"Astroglial mechanisms underlying chronic insomnia disorder: a clinical study","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05454-9","article-title":"Psychosocial factors of insomnia in depression: a network approach","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26689\/cnr.v3i3.12305","article-title":"Predictive role of PSG parameters on the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25221","article-title":"Altered thalamic connectivity in insomnia disorder during wakefulness and sleep","volume":"42","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."}],"container-title":["Progress in Brain Research","Neuroscience for Sleep Medicine - Part B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0079612326000105?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0079612326000105?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:26:24Z","timestamp":1788873984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0079612326000105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9780443520167"],"references-count":94,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pbr.2026.07.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0079-6123"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0079-6123","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}