{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:35:56Z","timestamp":1778495756763,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780128207970","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T12:52:12Z","timestamp":1601383932000},"page":"111-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Microbiome and motor neuron diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01124","article-title":"The not-so-sterile womb: evidence that the human fetus is exposed to bacteria prior to birth","volume":"10","author":"Stinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0015","first-page":"560","article-title":"Gut bacteria in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Quigley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.01.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"328","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.08.014","article-title":"Harnessing gut microbes for mental health: getting from here to there","volume":"83","author":"Bruce-Keller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"361","author":"Valdes","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70769-2","article-title":"Neuropathology of non-motor features of Parkinson disease","volume":"15","author":"Dickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.012","article-title":"Gastric \u03b1-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology","volume":"396","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25150","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: evidence for environmental risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Kieburtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25020","article-title":"Is alphasynuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson's disease? Evidence from 3 cases","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c34af5","article-title":"Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease a case-control study","volume":"73","author":"Savica","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","article-title":"Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"7346","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028032","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alphasynuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early Parkinson's disease","volume":"6","author":"Forsyth","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.5.378","article-title":"Endotoxin: is it an environmental factor in the cause of Parkinson's disease?","volume":"60","author":"Niehaus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.014","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide causes an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability in vitro and in vivo by inducing enterocyte membrane expression and localization of TLR-4 and CD14","volume":"182","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2008.00616.x","article-title":"The lipopolysaccharide Parkinson's disease animal model: mechanistic studies and drug discovery","volume":"22","author":"Dutta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4518023","article-title":"Minireview on the relations between gut microflora and Parkinson's disease: further biochemical (oxidative stress), inflammatory, and neurological particularities","volume":"2020","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e","article-title":"Cytokines, inflammation and pain","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0100","article-title":"The endotoxin-induced neuroinflammation model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"2011","author":"Tufekci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm260","article-title":"Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"167","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2038","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity uncovering the molecular mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Block","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.07.003","article-title":"Peripheral cytokines profile in Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Reale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00721.x","article-title":"Association of circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 with ageing and parkinsonism","volume":"100","author":"Dobbs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.09.018","article-title":"Alpha synuclein is transported into and out of the brain by the blood-brain barrier","volume":"62","author":"Sui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04567.x","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption induces in vivo degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons","volume":"101","author":"Rite","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10609","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i37.10609","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Mulak","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm17105","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysfunction as reliable non-invasive early diagnostic biomarkers in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: a critical review","volume":"24","author":"Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26307","article-title":"Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Keshavazian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25522","article-title":"The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"Fasano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.019","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.2.147","article-title":"Association between Parkinson's disease and Helicobacter Pylori","volume":"12","author":"\u00c7amc\u0131","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27581","article-title":"Unraveling gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism","volume":"34","author":"Barichella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.007","article-title":"Gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson's disease in southern China","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2478\/s11535-008-0023-8","article-title":"Effects of right-unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine infusion-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress: relevance for Parkinson's disease","volume":"3","author":"Hritcu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.07.006","article-title":"Intranigral lipopolysaccharide administration induced behavioral deficits and oxidative stress damage in laboratory rats: relevance for Parkinson's disease","volume":"253","author":"Hritcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.7.1716","article-title":"Oxidation of LDL by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species: reaction pathways and antioxidant protection","volume":"20","author":"Carr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0190","first-page":"662","article-title":"Peroxynitrite: biochemistry, pathophysiology and development of therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Natl Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07478.x","article-title":"The role of glial reaction and inflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"991","author":"Hirsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-24","article-title":"Oxidative modifications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein degradation in Parkinson's disease: how neurons are lost in the Bermuda triangle","volume":"4","author":"Malkus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30691-4","article-title":"Oxidative stress decreases the redox ratio and folate content in the gut microbe, enterococcus durans (MTCC 3031)","volume":"8","author":"Jose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208313","article-title":"Quantification of hydrogen production by intestinal bacteria that are specifically dysregulated in Parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03906.x","article-title":"Systematic review: Helicobacter pylori infection and impaired drug absorption","volume":"29","author":"Lahner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0220","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Is multiple sclerosis an autoimmune disease?","volume":"16","author":"Wootla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15021700","article-title":"Regulation of an autoimmune model for multiple sclerosis in Th2-biased GATA3 transgenic mice","volume":"15","author":"Fernando","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0230","first-page":"5139","article-title":"IL-11 induces Th17 cell responses in patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0611","article-title":"Use of vitamins and dietary supplements by patients with multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"75","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2012-000276","article-title":"The genetics of multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0122686","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122686","article-title":"Male sex is independently associated with faster disability accumulation in relapse-onset ms but not in primary progressive mS","volume":"10","author":"Ribbons","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8168717","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8168717","article-title":"Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current applications and future perspectives","volume":"2018","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911796557911","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Loma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01081","article-title":"Modulation of multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by food and gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5068","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Miljkovi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0270","first-page":"69","article-title":"The gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis: a potential therapeutic avenue","volume":"6","author":"Kirby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137429","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis, with a striking depletion of species belonging to clostridia XIVa and IV clusters","volume":"10","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28484","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28484","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711235114","article-title":"Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models","volume":"114","author":"Cekanaviciute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013046","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin targets granule cells in the mouse cerebellum and stimulates glutamate release","volume":"5","author":"Lonchamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.02.015","article-title":"Binding of epsilon-toxin from Clostridium perfringens in the nervous system","volume":"131","author":"Dorca-Ar\u00e9valo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0289","article-title":"Neuronal damage produced in rat brains by clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin","volume":"120","author":"Finnie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.020","article-title":"Linking the human gut microbiome to inflammatory cytokine production capacity","volume":"167","author":"Schirmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0310","first-page":"58","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis isa feature of MS and it is characterized by bacteria able to regulate lymphocyte differentiation in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Cekanaviciute","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12015","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12015","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Jangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00274-1","article-title":"Cross-reactivity between related sequences found in Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00166","article-title":"Modulation of mucosal immune response, tolerance, and proliferation in mice colonized by the mucin-degrader Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"2","author":"Derrien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0330","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending-dose study of remyelinating antibody rHIgM22 in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Eisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178622","article-title":"Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency enhances myelin repair after acute and chronic demyelination","volume":"12","author":"Chami","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M070664","article-title":"Cytokine-induced release of ceramide-enriched exosomes as a mediator of cell death signaling in an oligodendroglioma cell line","volume":"57","author":"Podbielska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.32794\/mr11250022","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis dysregulates central and systemic homeostasis via decreased melatonin and suboptimal mitochondria functioning: pathoetiological and pathophysiological implications","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Melatonin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2082561","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant skq1 on the culture model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"2019","author":"Fetisova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19602","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28560","article-title":"Sodium butyrate suppresses NOD1-mediated inflammatory molecules expressed in bovine hepatocytes during iE-DAP and LPS treatment","volume":"234","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2007-5","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin decreased histone H3 acetylation of bovine mammary epithelial cells and the adverse effect was suppressed by sodium butyrate","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b06359","article-title":"Sodium butyrate inhibits the inflammation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by regulating the toll-like receptor 4\/nuclear factor \u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1552-y","article-title":"Butyrate suppresses demyelination and enhances remyelination","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.12.004","article-title":"Sodium butyrate abolishes lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behaviors and hippocampal microglial activation in mice","volume":"1680","author":"Yamawaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0380","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bidirectional regulatory potentials of short-chain fatty acids and their G-protein-coupled receptors in autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0385","first-page":"473","article-title":"Delayed colonic transit times in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis assessed with radio-opaque markers","volume":"2","author":"Toepfer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_rf0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000369466","article-title":"An astrocyte regenerative response from vimentin-containing cells in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis's disease-like transgenic (G93A SOD1) mice","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_rf9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907545","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/907545","article-title":"Novel molecular biomarkers at the blood-brain barrier in ALS","volume":"2014","author":"Bataveljic","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_rf9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.05.056","article-title":"Impaired blood-brain\/spinal cord barrier in ALS patients","volume":"1469","author":"Garbuzova-Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_rf9010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820410020286","article-title":"Inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord and brain is mediated by activated macrophages, mast cells and T cells","volume":"5","author":"Graves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12356","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12356","article-title":"Leaky intestine and impaired microbiome in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2015.1096271","article-title":"Potential role of gut microbiota and tissue barriers in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"126","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.12.014","article-title":"Target intestinal microbiota to alleviate disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01479","article-title":"Evaluation of the microbial diversity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using high-throughput sequencing","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800418784202","article-title":"Potential role of the gut microbiome in ALS: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0420","first-page":"127","article-title":"The gut microbiota and its correlations with the central nervous system disorders","volume":"57","author":"Catanzaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.09.002","article-title":"Gut microbiota, immune development and function","volume":"69","author":"Bengmark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"}],"container-title":["Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science","The Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877117320301368?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877117320301368?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T04:00:20Z","timestamp":1761796820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877117320301368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9780128207970"],"references-count":87,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-1173"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-1173","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}