{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1762560689216,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780443347399"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T09:46:38Z","timestamp":1753263998000},"page":"185-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging biosensor technologies for obstructive sleep apnea: A comprehensive overview and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.1016","member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09464-3","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"360","author":"Malhorta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6506","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline","volume":"13","author":"Kapur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Senaratna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea: a review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.936946","article-title":"Development and assessment of a risk prediction model for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy154","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of obstructive sleep apnea among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Sleep Study","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4732","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic differences in sleep disturbances: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.8.893","article-title":"Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"162","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-020-05196-7","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients: a UK population analysis","volume":"31","author":"Erridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26362","article-title":"Increasing obesity trends in patients with sleep-disordered breathing referred to a sleep disorders center","volume":"01","author":"Banno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.077305","article-title":"Trends in obesity among adults in England from 1993 to 2004 by age and social class and projections of prevalence to 2012","volume":"63","author":"Zaninotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20130016","article-title":"Current and predicted prevalence of obesity in Canada: a trend analysis","volume":"2","author":"Twells","year":"2014","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3390\/app13020753","article-title":"A scientometric review of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity","volume":"13","author":"Neoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9378","article-title":"The prevalence and comorbidities of obstructive sleep apnea in middle-aged men and women: the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study","volume":"17","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2017.1282167","article-title":"Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with sleep apnea","volume":"49","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-019-0172-9","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a dangerous liaison","volume":"14","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27662","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of motor vehicle crash: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"05","author":"Tregear","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02255.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta\u2010review","volume":"18","author":"Bucks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib20","first-page":"157","article-title":"Diagnosis and initial management of obstructive sleep apnea without polysomnography","volume":"2007","author":"Mulgrew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib21","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort","volume":"31","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61622-0","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences","volume":"373","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6034","article-title":"Health care savings: the economic value of diagnostic and therapeutic care for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6576","article-title":"AASM scoring manual updates for 2017 (version 2.4)","volume":"13","author":"Berry","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.4.378","article-title":"Portable recording in the assessment of obstructive sleep apnea. ASDA standards of practice","volume":"17","author":"Ferber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27032","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for the use of unattended portable monitors in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adult patients","volume":"03","author":"Collop","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201011-1770OC","article-title":"Noninferiority of functional outcome in ambulatory management of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"183","author":"Kuna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.5664\/JCSM.1328","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea devices for out-of-center (OOC) testing: technology evaluation","volume":"07","author":"Collop","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: deliberations of the Sleep Apnea definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"08","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04436","article-title":"Respiratory inductance plethysmography improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"61","author":"Kogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10300","article-title":"Photoplethysmography\u2014new applications for an old technology: a sleep technology review","volume":"19","author":"Ryals","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081874","article-title":"A comparison of reflective photoplethysmography for detection of heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and respiration rate at various anatomical locations","volume":"19","author":"Longmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.07021.x","article-title":"An assessment of the accuracy of pulse oximeters","volume":"67","author":"Milner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58361","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2914498","article-title":"Evaluation of the possible use of PPG waveform features measured at low sampling rate","volume":"7","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib35","article-title":"Impact of the PPG sampling rate in the pulse rate variability indices evaluating several fiducial points in different pulse waveforms","volume":"26","author":"Pel\u00e1ez-Coca","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2056924","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of blood oxygen saturation recordings in obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis","volume":"57","author":"\u00c1lvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13635","article-title":"A review of approaches for analysing obstructive sleep apnoea\u2010related patterns in pulse oximetry data","volume":"25","author":"Terrill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S460231","article-title":"Averaging times for pulse oximeter measurements \u2013 a review of manuscripts published in the top five sleep medicine journals","volume":"16","author":"Vagedes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1870","article-title":"A multisite randomized trial of portable sleep studies and positive airway pressure autotitration versus laboratory-based polysomnography for the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: the HomePAP Study","volume":"35","author":"Rosen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6774","article-title":"American academy of sleep medicine board of directors, clinical use of a home sleep apnea test: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement","volume":"13","author":"Rosen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib41","article-title":"Portable monitoring and autotitration versus polysomnography for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea","author":"Berry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib42","article-title":"Periodic, profound peripheral vasoconstriction\u2014a new marker of obstructive sleep apnea","author":"Schnall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101566","article-title":"Peripheral arterial tonometry\u2013PAT technology","volume":"61","author":"Schnall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.2002.47.s1a.315","article-title":"Peripheral arterial tonometry for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"47","author":"Penzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(03)00111-4","article-title":"Assessment of a wrist-worn device in the detection of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"4","author":"Ayas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.3.695","article-title":"Evaluation of a portable device based on peripheral arterial tone for unattended home sleep studies","volume":"123","author":"Bar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.5.923","article-title":"Using a wrist-worn device based on peripheral arterial tonometry to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea: in-laboratory and ambulatory validation","volume":"27","author":"Pittman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.3.367","article-title":"Validation a portable monitoring device for sleep apnea diagnosis in a population based cohort using synchronized home polysomnography","volume":"29","author":"Zou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.5338","article-title":"Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea by peripheral arterial tonometry: meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Yalamanchali","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8620","article-title":"Performance of peripheral arterial tonometry\u2013based testing for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in a large sleep clinic cohort","volume":"16","author":"Ioachimescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9808","article-title":"A meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance of peripheral arterial tonometry studies","volume":"18","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9512","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239512","article-title":"Advancements in home-based devices for detecting obstructive sleep apnea: a comprehensive study","volume":"23","author":"Espinosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101743","article-title":"Portable evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Khor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13030395","article-title":"Recent progress in long-term sleep monitoring technology","volume":"13","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11290","article-title":"OSA diagnosis goes wearable: are the latest devices ready to shine?","author":"Chiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib56","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, DEN210015. Sunrise sleep disorder diagnostic Aid De Novo classification notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf21\/DEN210015.pdf;\u00a02022 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2020.05.001","article-title":"Current and future roles of consumer sleep technologies in sleep medicine","volume":"15","author":"Goldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102461","article-title":"Recent advances in wearable sensors and portable electronics for sleep monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9580","article-title":"Evaluating consumer and clinical sleep technologies: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine update","volume":"17","author":"Schutte-Rodin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib60","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K220028. NightOwl 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf22\/K220028.pdf;\u00a02022 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac028","article-title":"A multicentric validation study of a novel home sleep apnea test based on peripheral arterial tonometry","volume":"45","author":"Van Pee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10194","article-title":"A single-arm, open-label, multicenter, and comparative study of the ANNE sleep system vs polysomnography to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"18","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib63","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K220095. ANNE Sleep 510(k) premarket notification.\u00a0https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf22\/K220095.pdf; 2022 (Accessed 8 March 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib64","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K231546. Somfit 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf23\/K231546.pdf;\u00a02023 (accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S463026","article-title":"Performance investigation of Somfit sleep staging algorithm","volume":"16","author":"McMahon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib66","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K182618. SleepImage System 510(k) premarket notofication. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf18\/K182618.pdf; 2019 (Accessed 8 March 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-023-00304-9","article-title":"Comparative study of the SleepImage ring device and polysomnography for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.05.001","article-title":"Belun Ring (Belun Sleep System BLS-100): Deep learning-facilitated wearable enables obstructive sleep apnea detection, apnea severity categorization, and sleep stage classification in patients suspected of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"9","author":"Strumpf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib69","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K222579. Belun Sleep System BLS-100 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf22\/K222579.pdf;\u00a02023 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib70","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K191417. Belun Ring BLR-100C 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf19\/K191417.pdf; 2019 (Accessed 23 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib71","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K231355. Aurora 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf23\/K231355.pdf; 2024 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib72","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K191088. Oxiband (Checkme) O2 Pulse Oximeter 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf19\/K191088.pdf; 2019 (Accessed 24 September 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034404","article-title":"Protocol for a prospective, controlled, cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of ambulatory monitoring systems in the prompt detection of hypoxia and during movement","volume":"10","author":"Areia","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib74","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K240285. Huxley SANSA Home Sleep Apnea Test (1000\u201300) 510(k) premarket notification.\u00a0https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf24\/K240285.pdf; 2024 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S346229","article-title":"Mandibular movements are a reliable noninvasive alternative to esophageal pressure for measuring respiratory effort in patients with sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib76","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K222262. Sunrise 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf22\/K222262.pdf; 2022 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10644","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel device to assess obstructive sleep apnea and body position","volume":"19","author":"Raphelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib78","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K203343. Wesper Lab 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf20\/K203343.pdf; 2021 (Accessed 8 March 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib79","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K210480. AcuPebble SA100 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf21\/K210480.pdf; 2021 (Accessed 8 March 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020571","article-title":"Validation of a wearable medical device for automatic diagnosis of OSA against standard PSG","volume":"13","author":"Sanchez Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S397196","article-title":"Sleep apnea detection by tracheal motion and sound, and oximetry via application of deep neural networks","volume":"15","author":"Montazeri Ghahjaverestan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib82","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K220012. BresoDX1 510(k) premarket notification.\u00a0https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf22\/K220012.pdf; 2022 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S360970","article-title":"Respiratory motion and airflow estimation during sleep using tracheal movement and sound","volume":"14","author":"Montazeri Ghahjaverestan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7398","article-title":"An evaluation of the NightOwl home sleep apnea testing system","volume":"14","author":"Massie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10568","article-title":"Validation of a single-use and reusable home sleep apnea test based on peripheral arterial tonometry compared to laboratory polysomnography for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Lyne","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2023.3236393","article-title":"Central sleep apnea detection by means of finger photoplethysmography","volume":"11","author":"Massie","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.9.1151","article-title":"An electrocardiogram-based technique to assess cardiopulmonary coupling during sleep","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.12.1756","article-title":"Differentiating obstructive from central and complex sleep apnea using an automated electrocardiogram-based method","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258040","article-title":"Detection of obstructive sleep apnea using Belun Sleep platform wearable with neural network-based algorithm and its combined use with STOP-Bang questionnaire","volume":"16","author":"Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8592","article-title":"Belun ring platform: a novel home sleep apnea testing system for assessment of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"16","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003426","article-title":"The Belun sleep platform to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea in patients with hypertension and high cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Ou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A420","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad077.0954","article-title":"Correlation of pulse rate variability (PRV) and heart rate variability (HRV) metrics during sleep in subjects suspected of OSA","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib93","unstructured":"The National Institute of Health. National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov. Validation of Belun Ring Gen3 deep learning algorithms with subxiphoid body sensor. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06255613?intr=belun&rank=1; 2024 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib94","unstructured":"Ensodata, Optimize the Sleep Care Continuum.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ensodata.com; n.d.\u00a0(Accessed 8 March 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202103-0680LE","article-title":"Machine learning\u2013based sleep staging in patients with sleep apnea using a single mandibular movement signal","volume":"204","author":"Le-Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.726880","article-title":"Diagnosis of sleep apnoea using a mandibular monitor and machine learning analysis: one-night agreement compared to in-home polysomnography","volume":"16","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25320","article-title":"Clinical validation of a mandibular movement signal based system for the diagnosis of pediatric sleep apnea","volume":"57","author":"Martinot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib98","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K221816. Wesper Lab 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf22\/K221816.pdf; 2023 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.10.005","article-title":"Keep it simple: a novel technique for measuring airflow using a wireless patch","volume":"9","author":"Zandieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib100","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K222950. AcuPebble Ox100 510(k) premarket notification.\u00a0https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf22\/K222950.pdf; 2023 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib101","unstructured":"AASM, FDA clears Sleep Rx mat for OSA diagnosis.\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/fda-clears-sleep-rx-mat-for-osa-diagnosis\/; n.d.\u00a0(Accessed 23 September 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovangrandi L, Inan OT,\u00a0Wiard RM, Etemadi M, Ballistocardiography \u2013 a method worth revisiting. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Boston, Massachusetts USA; 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091062.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091062"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-019-0071-7","article-title":"Ballistocardiogram signal processing: a review","volume":"7","author":"Sadek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Inf Sci Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9168","article-title":"Validation of the withings sleep analyzer, an under-the-mattress device for the detection of moderate-severe sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Edouard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1761OC","article-title":"Multinight prevalence, variability, and diagnostic misclassification of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"205","author":"Lechat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.04.010","article-title":"Polysomnographic validation of an under-mattress monitoring device in estimating sleep architecture and obstructive sleep apnea in adults","volume":"96","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01963-8","article-title":"Patient characteristics affecting accurate detection of sleep apnea using a bed sheet-type portable monitor","volume":"24","author":"Miyata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196409","article-title":"Capacitively-coupled ECG and respiration for sleep\u2013wake prediction and risk detection in sleep apnea patients","volume":"21","author":"Huysmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib109","unstructured":"Chiang AA, Gung J,\u00a0Oatley Z, Consumer OSA technologies. Sleep Apnea and Snoring. 3rd ed. Elsevier; in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9138","article-title":"Screening for obstructive sleep apnea using a contact-free system compared with polysomnography","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226695","article-title":"Experimental comparison of IR-UWB radar and FMCW radar for vital signs","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-023-00305-8","article-title":"Technologies for sleep monitoring at home: wearables and nearables","volume":"13","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib113","article-title":"People counting using IR-UWB radar sensors and machine learning techniques","volume":"6","author":"Njanda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050707","article-title":"Ultra wideband indoor positioning technologies: analysis and recent advances","volume":"16","author":"Alarifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaffaroni A, de Chazal P, Heneghan C, Boyle P, Mppm PR,\u00a0McNicholas WT,\u00a0SleepMinder: an innovative contact-free device for the estimation of the apnoea-hypopnoea index. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009:7091\u20139094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5332909.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5332909"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib116","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K103631. SleepMinder Breathing Frequency Indicator (model BM07) 510(k) premarket notification.\u00a0https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf10\/K103631.pdf; 2011 (Accessed 29 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Chazal P,\u00a0O\u2032Hare E,\u00a0Fox N,\u00a0Heneghan C, Assessment of sleep\/wake patterns using a non-contact biomotion sensor. In: 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vancouver, BC: IEEE; 2008:514\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649203.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649203"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib118","article-title":"Assessment of sleep-disordered breathing using a noncontact biomotion sensor","author":"Zaffaroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12889","article-title":"Ambulatory detection of sleep apnea using a non\u2010contact biomotion sensor","volume":"29","author":"Crinion","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12086","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel non\u2010contact monitor of nocturnal respiration for identifying sleep\u2010disordered breathing in patients with heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Savage","year":"2016","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1546-x","article-title":"Validation of a non-contact screening device for the combination of sleep-disordered breathing and periodic limb movements in sleep","volume":"22","author":"Weinreich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9238","article-title":"Contact-free screening for obstructive sleep apnea: comfort, especially in a physically distanced brave new world","volume":"17","author":"Chavoshan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62061-4","article-title":"Non-contact diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea using impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2014.07.004","article-title":"Classifying obstructive sleep apnea using smartphones","volume":"52","author":"Al-Mardini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomed Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib125","article-title":"Diagnostic value of smartphone in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3364","article-title":"Monitoring sound to quantify snoring and sleep apnea severity using a smartphone: proof of concept","volume":"10","author":"Nakano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-804","article-title":"Screening for obstructive sleep apnea with novel hybrid acoustic smartphone app technology","volume":"12","author":"Tiron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2017.15","article-title":"Unleashing the power of active sonar","volume":"16","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib129","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K173974. Drowzle Sleep Apnea Prescreening Device 510(k) premarket notification.\u00a0https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf17\/K173974.pdf; 2019 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1695-6","article-title":"Noncontact identification of sleep-disturbed breathing from smartphone-recorded sounds validated by polysomnography","volume":"23","author":"Narayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib131","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K213360. SleepCheckRx 510(k) premarket notification. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf21\/K213360.pdf; 2022 (Accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon G,\u00a0Tiron R, Zaffaroni A, et al, Detection of sleep apnea using sonar smartphone technology. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Berlin, Germany; 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857836.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857836"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104737","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3210518","article-title":"Recent advancement in sleep technologies: a literature review on clinical standards, sensors, apps, and AI methods","volume":"10","author":"Cay","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06925-2","article-title":"Hearables: multimodal physiological in-ear sensing","volume":"7","author":"Goverdovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3550314","article-title":"Sensing with earables: a systematic literature review and taxonomy of phenomena","volume":"6","author":"R\u00f6ddiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6484","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146484","article-title":"The principles of hearable photoplethysmography analysis and applications in physiological monitoring\u2013a review","volume":"23","author":"Azudin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700208","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2013.2277870","article-title":"Evaluating innovative in-ear pulse oximetry for unobtrusive cardiovascular and pulmonary monitoring during sleep","volume":"1","author":"Venema","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venema B, Blazek\u00a0V, Leonhardt S, In-ear photoplethysmography for mobile cardiorespiratory monitoring and alarming. In: IEEE 12th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN). IEEE: Cambridge, MA, USA; 2015:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BSN.2015.7299367.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2015.7299367"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2196276","article-title":"Advances in reflective oxygen saturation monitoring with a novel in-ear sensor system: results of a human hypoxia study","volume":"59","author":"Venema","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093080","article-title":"Unobtrusive vital sign monitoring in automotive environments\u2014a review","volume":"18","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib141","first-page":"109","article-title":"Contactless camera-based sleep staging: the HealthBed study","volume":"10","author":"Van Meulen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali\u0107 B, Zauber T,\u00a0Zhang C, et al. Contactless optical detection of nocturnal respiratory events. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications. Lisbon, Portugal: SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications; 2023:336\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0011694400003417.","DOI":"10.5220\/0011694400003417"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casalino G, Castellano G, Zaza G, A mHealth solution for contact-less self-monitoring of blood oxygen saturation. In: IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC). Rennes, France: IEEE; 2020:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219718.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219718"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092928","article-title":"Photoplethysmography in normal and pathological sleep","volume":"21","author":"Vulcan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n677","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n677","article-title":"Remote management of covid-19 using home pulse oximetry and virtual ward support","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00276-4","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of pulse oximetry in remote patient monitoring of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Alboksmaty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101318","article-title":"The impact of remote home monitoring of people with COVID-19 using pulse oximetry: a national population and observational study","volume":"45","author":"Sherlaw-Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Tsujikawa M, Onishi Y, Sleep\/wake classification via remote PPG signals. In: 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).\u00a0Berlin, Germany: IEEE; 2019:226\u20133230.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857097.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857097"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib149","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration, K210593. Onera Sleep Test System (STS) 510(k) premarket notification.\u00a0https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf21\/K210593.pdf; 2022 (Accessed 24 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib150","unstructured":"Onera, Sleep diagnostics and monitoring, redefined. https:\/\/www.onerahealth.com\/; n.d. (Accessed 24 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee PL,\u00a0Gu W, Huang WC, Chiang AA. From screening at clinic to diagnosis at home: how AI\/ML\/DL algorithms are transforming sleep apnea detection. In: Berry RB, Pardalos PM,\u00a0Xian X, eds. Handbook of AI and Data Sciences for Sleep Disorders.\u00a0Cham: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978\u20133-031\u201368263-6_4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-68263-6_4"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165589","article-title":"Review of wearable devices and data collection considerations for connected health","volume":"21","author":"Vijayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020675","article-title":"Balancing privacy and progress: a review of privacy challenges, systemic oversight, and patient perceptions in AI-driven healthcare","volume":"14","author":"Williamson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17517575.2021.1939896","article-title":"Privacy, security and resilience in mobile healthcare applications","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Enterp Inf Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad325","article-title":"State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research","volume":"47","author":"de Zambotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib156","unstructured":"European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Handbook on European data protection law. https:\/\/fra.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/fra_uploads\/fra-coe-edps-2018-handbook-data-protection_en.pdf; 2018 (Accessed 24 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib157","unstructured":"Federal Government of the United States, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/PLAW-104publ191\/pdf\/PLAW-104publ191.pdf; 1996 (Accessed 24 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.02.004","article-title":"Devices for home detection of obstructive sleep apnea: a review","volume":"41","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.02.006","article-title":"Rigorous performance evaluation (previously, \u201cvalidation\u201d) for informed use of new technologies for sleep health measurement","volume":"8","author":"de Zambotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Health."}],"container-title":["Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science","Biosensing the Future: Wearable, Ingestible and Implantable Technologies for Health and Wellness Monitoring Part B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877117325000833?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877117325000833?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:04:31Z","timestamp":1762560271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877117325000833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9780443347399"],"references-count":159,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-1173"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1877-1173"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}