{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T12:39:36Z","timestamp":1780922376014,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780128141168","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,4]],"date-time":"2017-09-04T13:16:24Z","timestamp":1504530984000},"page":"129-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Thyroid Autoimmunity: An Interplay of Factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Merrill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Minucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Part B","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.08.004","article-title":"Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue","volume":"165","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1773","article-title":"Update in vitamin D","volume":"95","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-012-8342-y","article-title":"Vitamin D in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases","volume":"45","author":"Agmon-Levin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002631","article-title":"IFN-a mediates the development of autoimmunity both by direct tissue toxicity and through immune cell recruitment mechanisms","volume":"186","author":"Akeno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-014-0290-9","article-title":"TSH levels are associated with vitamin D status and seasonality in an adult population of euthyroid adults","volume":"15","author":"Barchetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000845","article-title":"The search for complex disease genes: Fault by linkage or fault by association?","volume":"6","author":"Baron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9363-2","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"17","author":"Benvenga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2004.14.964","article-title":"Homologies between proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi and thyroid autoantigens","volume":"14","author":"Benvenga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.044","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune parathyroid disease","volume":"13","author":"Betterle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Auotoimmunity Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1245","article-title":"Thyroid and obesity: An intriguing relationship","volume":"95","author":"Biondi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8579-z","article-title":"Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases: Facts and unresolved questions","volume":"61","author":"Bizzaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunologic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s13317-016-0079-9","article-title":"An unusual association of three autoimmune disorders: Celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"7","author":"Boccuti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Highlights"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.12.005","article-title":"Infectome: A platform to trace infectious triggers of autoimmunity","volume":"12","author":"Bogdanos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auotoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.020","article-title":"Effect of high doses of vitamin D on arterial properties, adiponectin, leptin and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"32","author":"Breslavsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0090","first-page":"5","article-title":"Immune response and auto-immune disease: Gender does matter and makes the difference","volume":"2","author":"Brunelleschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.001","article-title":"Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"33","author":"Burek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-4-25","article-title":"The link between thyroid autoimmunity (antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies) with anxiety and mood disorders in the community: A field of interest for public health in the future","volume":"4","author":"Carta","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0606402","article-title":"Decreasing TNF-\u03b1 results in less fibrosis and earlier resolution of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.33181","article-title":"Biochemistry of adipose tissue: An endocrine organ","volume":"9","author":"Coelho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.942289","article-title":"An update on leptin as immunomodulator","volume":"10","author":"Conde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Review of Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810780","article-title":"Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans","volume":"360","author":"Cypess","year":"2009","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-013-8419-6","article-title":"Autoantibodies in the grocery shop: Does quantity matter?","volume":"56","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunologic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.008","article-title":"Is vitamin D a player or not in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases?","volume":"14","author":"D'Aurizio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05875.x","article-title":"Adipokines as novel biomarkers and regulators of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1212","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2011.03.019","article-title":"Environmental factors and thyroid immunity","volume":"72","author":"Duntas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annales d'Endocrinologie"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0499","article-title":"The interconnections between obesity, thyroid function, and autoimmunity: The multifold role of leptin","volume":"23","author":"Duntas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0048","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"167","author":"Effraimidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0170","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with sunitinib: Is thyroid autoimmunity involved?","volume":"25","author":"Fabiana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.68.4.437","article-title":"Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis","volume":"68","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0165","first-page":"817","article-title":"The infection by Helicobacter pylori strains expressing CagA is highly prevalent in women with autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"50","author":"Figura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1301\/002966402320634878","article-title":"The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology","volume":"60","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-010-9410-9","article-title":"Injections of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin A may cause thyroid complications in predisposed persons based on molecular mimicry with thyroid autoantigens","volume":"39","author":"Gregoric","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.12","article-title":"A microarray analysis of sexual dimorphism of adipose tissues in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice","volume":"34","author":"Grove","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity (London)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3282ef1c48","article-title":"Environmental factors and genetic background that interact to cause autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"14","author":"Guarneri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530315666150619094242","article-title":"Selenium and iodine in autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"15","author":"Guastamacchia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439463","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/439463","article-title":"Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus","volume":"2011","author":"Hage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Thyroid Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02060","article-title":"The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: A study of healthy Danish twins","volume":"154","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.3.325","article-title":"The nuclear vitamin D receptor: Biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed","volume":"13","author":"Haussler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00100","article-title":"Vitamin D actions on CD4+ T cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"6","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Updated assessment of the prevalence, spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0220","first-page":"159","article-title":"Multiple autoimmune syndromes","volume":"139","author":"Humbert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annales de M\u00e9decine Interne"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(01)00182-3","article-title":"Toll-like receptors as adjuvant receptors","volume":"1589","author":"Kaisho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemica et Biophysica Acta"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1568","article-title":"Innate immune activation and thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"96","author":"Kawashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0480","article-title":"Demonstration of innate immune responses in the thyroid gland: Potential to sense danger and a possible trigger for autoimmune reactions","volume":"23","author":"Kawashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0240","first-page":"1293","article-title":"The metabolic significance of leptin in humans: Gender-based differences in relationship to adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure","volume":"82","author":"Kennedy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1681","article-title":"Low vitamin D status is associated with hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0011","article-title":"The role of components of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in pathogenesis and serologic diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kiseleva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Beneficial Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.73","article-title":"Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"8","author":"Kivity","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cellular & Molecular Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000135626","article-title":"Immune-endocrine interactions in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"15","author":"Klecha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.7.984","article-title":"Adipose tissue leptin production and plasma leptin kinetics in humans","volume":"45","author":"Klein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.214","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in non-lactating women with postpartum thyroiditis","volume":"70","author":"Krysiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1350","article-title":"The weight of leptin in immunity","volume":"4","author":"La Cava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115004164","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates adipose tissue biology: Possible consequences for obesity?","volume":"75","author":"Landrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.07.009","article-title":"Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.010504","article-title":"Identification and validation of novel adipokines released from primary human adipocytes","volume":"11","author":"Lehr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.12691\/ijcd-3-4-8","article-title":"The world incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases is increasing","volume":"3","author":"Lerner","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Celiac Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.09.006","article-title":"Epigenetic profiling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from Graves' disease patients reveals changes in genes associated with T cell receptor signaling","volume":"67","author":"Limbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933","article-title":"Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response","volume":"311","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.1.57","article-title":"Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Loffreda","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00001","article-title":"Control of adipocyte differentiation in different fat deposits; implications for pathophysiology or therapy","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802718","article-title":"Systemic low-grade inflammation is related to both circulating and adipose tissue TNFalpha, leptin and IL-6 levels in obese women","volume":"28","author":"Maachi","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2798","article-title":"Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies in obesity: Leptin levels are associated with thyroid autoimmunity independent of bioanthropometric, hormonal, and weight-related determinants","volume":"95","author":"Marzullo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0997-1029","article-title":"Nonadipose tissue production of leptin: Leptin as a novel placenta-derived hormone in humans","volume":"3","author":"Masuzaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1470173","article-title":"Inverse relationship between plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese women","volume":"147","author":"Matsubara","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03338.x","article-title":"The incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"McGrogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1055","article-title":"Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: Changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"McLachlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004123","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004123","article-title":"Identification of novel genetic loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease","volume":"10","author":"Medici","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3898-3","article-title":"The role of leptin in diabetes: Metabolic effects","volume":"59","author":"Meek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1700425","article-title":"Retinoic acid and vitamin D3 powerfully inhibit in vitro leptin secretion by human adipose tissue","volume":"170","author":"Menendez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004018","DOI":"10.1080\/19381980.2014.1004018","article-title":"Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests two major risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Merrill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermato-Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.12.015","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity as a window to autoimmunity: An explanation for the sex differences in the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"375","author":"Merrill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.36","article-title":"The association between low vitamin D and depressive disorders","volume":"19","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32833cf518","article-title":"Viral infection in induction of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A key player or just a bystander?","volume":"17","author":"Mori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00228","article-title":"Vitamin D and adipose tissue\u2014More than storage","volume":"5","author":"Mutt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.573","article-title":"Prevalence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction: A quantitative review","volume":"6","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-176","article-title":"Vitamin d deficiency impacts on expression of toll-like receptor-2 and cytokine profile: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Ojaimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Translational Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.04.007","article-title":"Thyroid disorders during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"29","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune function","volume":"5","author":"Prietl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.06.006","article-title":"Leptin as immune mediator: Interaction between neuroendocrine and immune system","volume":"66","author":"Procaccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology."},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.10.014","article-title":"Leptin in autoimmune diseases","volume":"64","author":"Procaccini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3011","article-title":"Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism is antibody-mediated but is predominantly a Th1-type cytokine disease","volume":"99","author":"Rapoport","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0407-3","article-title":"Complexities in the relationship between infection and autoimmunity","volume":"14","author":"Root-Berstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Allergy and Asthma Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12939","article-title":"Natural history of subclinical hypothyroidism with TSH \u226410 mIU\/l: A prospective study","volume":"84","author":"Ros\u00e1rio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.02.008","article-title":"Genetic and hormonal factors in female-based autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.12.002","article-title":"TLR7, IFN-c, and T-bet: Their roles in the development of ABCs in female biased autoimmunity","volume":"294","author":"Rubtsova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellular Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.08.024","article-title":"Infection-immunity liaison: Pathogen-driven autoimmune-mimicry (PDAIM)","volume":"13","author":"Saeki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:19:1:65","article-title":"Possible role of placental leptin in pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Sagawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2010.547948","article-title":"Immunologic profile of excessive body weight","volume":"16","author":"Sharabiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0547-4","article-title":"Prospective population-based study of the association between vitamin D status and incidence of autoimmune disease","volume":"50","author":"Skaaby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0465","first-page":"17","article-title":"Solving the puzzle of autoimmunity: Critical questions","volume":"7","author":"Smilek","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000 Prime Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0216","article-title":"Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: A population-based study in older men and women","volume":"90","author":"Snijder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1980","article-title":"High rate of persistent hypothyroidism in a large-scale prospective study of postpartum thyroiditis in Southern Italy","volume":"96","author":"Stagnaro-Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104713","article-title":"Mechanisms of autoimmune thyroid diseases: From genetics to epigenetics","volume":"9","author":"Tomer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.07.001","article-title":"Interferon alpha treatment and thyroid dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Tomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.007","article-title":"The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: A story of genes and environment","volume":"32","author":"Tomer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.04.004","article-title":"Hepatitis C and thyroid autoimmunity: Is there a link?","volume":"117","author":"Tomer","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.6.913","article-title":"Leptin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in women","volume":"47","author":"Van Harmelen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.07.001","article-title":"Obesity in autoimmune diseases: Not a passive bystander","volume":"2014","author":"Versini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.17","article-title":"Vitamin D: A pleiotropic hormone","volume":"78","author":"Verstuyf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0515","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunological cross reactivity between Candida albicans and human tissue","volume":"48","author":"Vojdani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042485","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01547.x","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 is a fundamental cytokine in autoimmune thyroid disease induced by thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide in interleukin-12 p40 deficient C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"108","author":"Zaccone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"}],"container-title":["Vitamins and Hormones","Thyroid Hormone"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0083672917300560?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0083672917300560?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T15:09:28Z","timestamp":1750864168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0083672917300560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9780128141168"],"references-count":105,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.vh.2017.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0083-6729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0083-6729","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}