{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T15:30:17Z","timestamp":1758123017941,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780323907316"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T21:19:58Z","timestamp":1629407998000},"page":"227-238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inhibition of hepatitis C virus by vitamin D"],"prefix":"10.1016","member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i47.5184","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1)-naive patients","volume":"17","author":"Abu-Mouch","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12575","article-title":"Effect of native vitamin D3 supplementation on refractory chronic hepatitis C patients in simeprevir with pegylated interferon\/ribavirin","volume":"46","author":"Atsukawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025333","article-title":"Antiviral activity and increased host defense against influenza infection elicited by the human cathelicidin LL-37","volume":"6","author":"Barlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2174\/157016207781023947","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 inhibits HIV-1 replication","volume":"5","author":"Bergman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current HIV Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2010.01141.x","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves response to antiviral treatment for recurrent hepatitis C","volume":"24","author":"Bitetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplant International"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073659","article-title":"The human cathelicidin LL-37 has antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"8","author":"Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0060","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D supplementation on sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 patients treated by pegylated interferon\/ribavirin","volume":"35","author":"Esmat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research"},{"issue":"7053","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04082","article-title":"Mechanism of action of interferon and ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C","volume":"436","author":"Feld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004534","article-title":"Amphipathic alpha-helices in apolipoproteins are crucial to the formation of infectious hepatitis C virus particles","volume":"10","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24575","article-title":"Vitamin D: An innate antiviral agent suppressing hepatitis C virus in human hepatocytes","volume":"54","author":"Gal-Tanamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com","article-title":"Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"19","author":"Gombart","year":"2005","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8955.1000129","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolites inhibit hepatitis C virus and modulate cellular gene expression","volume":"3","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Virology & Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1297927","article-title":"Classical and emerging roles of vitamin D in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"31","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seminars in Liver Disease"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0901869","article-title":"A step forward in therapy for hepatitis C","volume":"360","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"2009","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1763","article-title":"Selective killing of vaccinia virus by LL-37: Implications for eczema vaccinatum","volume":"172","author":"Howell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12878","article-title":"25-Hydroxy vitamin D suppresses hepatitis C virus replication and contributes to rapid virological response of treatment efficacy","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108495","article-title":"The transport of vitamin D and its 25-hydroxy metabolite in human plasma. Isolation and partial characterization of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D binding protein","volume":"58","author":"Imawari","year":"1976","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12503","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in combination with conventional antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063672","article-title":"1(OH) vitamin D3 supplementation improves the sensitivity of the immune-response during Peg-IFN\/RBV therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients-case controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Kondo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302296","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor and Jak-STAT signaling crosstalk results in calcitriol-mediated increase of hepatocellular response to IFN-alpha","volume":"192","author":"Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020057","article-title":"Calcitriol inhibits HCV infection via blockade of activation of PPAR and interference with endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7190","article-title":"IFN-gamma- and TNF-independent vitamin D-inducible human suppression of mycobacteria: The role of cathelicidin LL-37","volume":"178","author":"Martineau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25763","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses hepatitis C virus production","volume":"56","author":"Matsumura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12627","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 attenuates infection of hepatitis C virus","volume":"46","author":"Matsumura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.10.014","article-title":"Vitamin D derivatives inhibit hepatitis C virus production through the suppression of apolipoprotein","volume":"160","author":"Murayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i8.800","article-title":"Vitamin D improves viral response in hepatitis C genotype 2-3 naive patients","volume":"18","author":"Nimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12949","article-title":"Randomized study comparing vitamin D3 and 1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with pegylated interferon\/ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"30","author":"Omori-Mizuno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"2 Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21064","article-title":"Therapy of hepatitis C: From empiricism to eradication","volume":"43","author":"Pawlotsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23489","article-title":"Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C","volume":"51","author":"Petta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24399","article-title":"In vivo adaptation of hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees for efficient virus production and evasion of apoptosis","volume":"54","author":"Saeed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.06.008","article-title":"Differential modulation of hepatitis C virus replication and innate immune pathways by synthetic calcitriol-analogs","volume":"183","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098168","article-title":"Single strain isolation method for cell culture-adapted hepatitis C virus by end-point dilution and infection","volume":"9","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Pt. 1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.045013-0","article-title":"The human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits influenza A viruses through a mechanism distinct from that of surfactant protein D or defensins","volume":"94","author":"Tripathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i35.5917","article-title":"Association between vitamin D and hepatitis C virus infection: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Villar","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36632","DOI":"10.17795\/rijm36632","article-title":"Vitamin D in standard HCV regimen (PEG-interferon plus ribavirin), its effect on the early virologic response rate: A clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Vosoghinia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Razavi International Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2909","article-title":"Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00452-08","article-title":"Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities of antimicrobial peptides derived from human and bovine cathelicidins","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0195","series-title":"Global hepatitis report","first-page":"2017","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.04.017","article-title":"Effects of cathelicidin and its fragments on three key enzymes of HIV-1","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12146","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on pegylated interferon\/ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1b: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"}],"container-title":["Vitamins and Hormones","Hormones, Regulators and Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0083672921000509?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0083672921000509?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T08:00:48Z","timestamp":1753689648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0083672921000509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9780323907316"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0083-6729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0083-6729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}