{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:18:45Z","timestamp":1785557925441,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780443431722","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T21:09:52Z","timestamp":1768943392000},"page":"153-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Acromegaly and clinical manifestations"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Villar-Taibo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Bernab\u00e9u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0945","article-title":"Acromegaly per se does not increase the risk for coronary artery disease","volume":"162","author":"Akutsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14861","article-title":"Acromegaly: Overview and associated temporomandibular joint disorders","volume":"30","author":"Al-Hadlaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0522-9","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system assessment in acromegaly patients under somatostatin analogue therapy","volume":"40","author":"Alibas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15071","article-title":"Cutaneous findings in patients with acromegaly and its relationship with concomitant endocrinopathies","volume":"101","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0005","first-page":"314","article-title":"Oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative status, along with endothelial dysfunction in acromegaly","volume":"45","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hormone and Metabolic Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000109","article-title":"Acromegaly and bone disease","volume":"21","author":"Anthony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2178","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae126","article-title":"Differences between GH- and PRL-cosecreting and GH-secreting pituitary adenomas: A series of 604 cases","volume":"109","author":"Araujo-Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1912","article-title":"Endocrine aspects of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"95","author":"Attal","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0007","article-title":"The kidney in acromegaly: Renal structure and function in patients with acromegaly during active disease and 1 year after disease remission","volume":"162","author":"Auriemma","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25228","article-title":"Mechanical stimulation and IGF-1 enhance mRNA translation rate in osteoblasts via activation of the AKT-mTOR pathway","volume":"231","author":"Bakker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020754615863","article-title":"Acromegalic arthropathy","volume":"4","author":"Barkan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0012","first-page":"293","article-title":"An audit of outcome of treatment in acromegaly","volume":"86","author":"Bates","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03322.x","article-title":"Spinal volumetric trabecular bone mass in acromegalic patients: A longitudinal study","volume":"70","author":"Battista","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01090-8","article-title":"Increased risk of preneoplastic colonic lesions and colorectal carcinoma in acromegaly: Multicenter case\u2013control study","volume":"24","author":"Battistone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.04.011","article-title":"Skin manifestations in acromegaly","volume":"24","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinics in Dermatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-04846-8","article-title":"Prevalence and outcome of comorbidities associated with acromegaly","volume":"163","author":"Berkmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad141","article-title":"Mortality in acromegaly diagnosed in older individuals in Spain is higher in women compared to the general Spanish population","volume":"108","author":"Biagetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0018","first-page":"415","article-title":"GH\/IGF-1 abnormalities and muscle impairment: From basic research to clinical practice","volume":"22","author":"Biagetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2297","article-title":"Morbidity after long-term remission for acromegaly: Persisting joint-related complaints cause reduced quality of life","volume":"90","author":"Biermasz","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0821","article-title":"Long-term outcome of patients with acromegaly and congestive heart failure","volume":"89","author":"Bihan","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1213","article-title":"Risk factors for development of coronary heart disease in patients with acromegaly: A five-year prospective study","volume":"92","author":"Bogazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2500","article-title":"Identification of acromegalic patients at risk of developing colonic adenomas","volume":"91","author":"Bogazzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345249","article-title":"Colonic polyps of acromegalic patients are not associated with mutations of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma gene","volume":"26","author":"Bogazzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2012.02.006","article-title":"Acromegaly is associated with decreased skin transepidermal water loss and temperature, and increased skin pH and sebum secretion partially reversible after treatment","volume":"22","author":"Borlu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2857","article-title":"Acromegaly and coronary disease: An integrated evaluation of conventional coronary risk factors and coronary calcifications detected by computed tomography","volume":"91","author":"Cannavo","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-011-0298-z","article-title":"Increased prevalence of restless legs syndrome in patients with acromegaly and effects on quality of life assessed by Acro-QoL","volume":"14","author":"Cannav\u00f2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1764-4","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of acromegaly at diagnosis: The physician\u2019s and the patient\u2019s perspectives in the ACRO-POLIS study","volume":"63","author":"Caron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04067.x","article-title":"Aortic root ectasia in patients with acromegaly: Experience at a single center","volume":"75","author":"Casini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-025-01520-5","article-title":"Kidney function in acromegaly: Evidence from a long-term observational study","volume":"28","author":"Castagna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-17","article-title":"Acromegaly","volume":"3","author":"Chanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.1680985.x","article-title":"The thyroid gland in acromegaly: An ultrasonographic study","volume":"46","author":"Cheung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000375450","article-title":"Bone and joint disorders in acromegaly","volume":"103","author":"Claessen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-1073","article-title":"Acromegalic arthropathy in various stages of the disease: An MRI study","volume":"176","author":"Claessen","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0034","first-page":"193","article-title":"Systemic hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance are independently correlated to the severity of the acromegalic cardiomyopathy","volume":"85","author":"Colao","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.3.4645","article-title":"Prostatic hyperplasia: An unknown feature of acromegaly","volume":"83","author":"Colao","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021099","article-title":"High prevalence of cardiac valve disease in acromegaly: An observational, analytical, case-control study","volume":"88","author":"Colao","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01218.x","article-title":"Growth hormone and the heart","volume":"54","author":"Colao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000962","article-title":"Role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with acromegaly","volume":"34","author":"Costenaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0497","article-title":"Metabolic complications in acromegaly after neurosurgery: A meta-analysis","volume":"183","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dal, Jacob, Leisner, Michelle Z., Hermansen, Kasper, Farkas, D\u00f3ra K\u00f6rmendin\u00e9., Bengtsen, Mads, & Kistorp, Caroline., et al. (2018). Cancer incidence in patients with acromegaly: A cohort study and meta-analysis of the literature. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 103(6), 2182\u20132188.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02457"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09957-6","article-title":"Cancer screening in patients with acromegaly: A plea for a personalized approach and international registries","author":"Demarchis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Stefani, Alberto, Dassie, Francesca, Wennberg, Alexandra, Preo, Giorgia, Muneratto, Alice, & Fabris, Roberto, et al. (2022). Oral manifestations and maxillo-facial features in the acromegalic patient: A Literature Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(4), 1092.a","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041092"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0043","first-page":"411","article-title":"Acromegaly","volume":"110","author":"Dineen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08060938","article-title":"Large lungs and growth hormone: An increased alveolar number?","volume":"8","author":"Donnelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2675","article-title":"Low frequency of cardiomyopathy using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in an acromegaly contemporary cohort","volume":"100","author":"dos Santos Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-24-0087","article-title":"Increased cancer risk in a cohort of patients with acromegaly in Israel","volume":"32","author":"Duskin-Bitan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad490","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and utility of noninvasive scores in patients with acromegaly","volume":"109","author":"Ero\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.11.007","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly: An update","volume":"97","author":"Ershadinia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00993-x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in patients with acromegaly: Pathophysiology, clinical challenges and management","volume":"20","author":"Esposito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0019","article-title":"Prolonged diagnostic delay in acromegaly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality","volume":"182","author":"Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgab560","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab560","article-title":"Incidence of benign and malignant tumors in patients with acromegaly is increased: A nationwide population-based Study","author":"Esposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000171355","article-title":"Hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal manifestations of acromegaly","volume":"10","author":"Ezzat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124125","article-title":"The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in bone remodeling: A review","volume":"238","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00966-8","article-title":"Arthropathy in acromegaly: A questionnaire-based estimation of motor disability and its relation with quality of life and work productivity","volume":"22","author":"Fatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0055","article-title":"Increased ATP synthesis might counteract hepatic lipid accumulation in acromegaly","volume":"5","author":"Fellinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00986-4","article-title":"Development of a novel patient-reported measure for acromegaly: The Acro-TSQ","volume":"22","author":"Fleseriu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00244-3","article-title":"Acromegaly: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"10","author":"Fleseriu","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-024-01468-y","article-title":"Novel approach to bone comorbidity in resistant acromegaly","volume":"27","author":"Frara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2843","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac183","article-title":"High prevalence of vertebral fractures associated with preoperative GH levels in patients with recent diagnosis of acromegaly","volume":"107","author":"Frara","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae469","article-title":"Prospective, longitudinal study of cancer predictors and rates in a New York City cohort of 598 patients with acromegaly","volume":"110","author":"Freda","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0061","first-page":"40","article-title":"Predictors of quality of life in acromegaly: No consensus on biochemical parameters","volume":"8","author":"Geraedts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology(Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.007","article-title":"Acromegaly: Medical and surgical considerations","volume":"55","author":"Giantini-Larsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgz096","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz096","article-title":"A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities: An update","volume":"105","author":"Giustina","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e937","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz096","article-title":"A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities: An update","volume":"105","author":"Giustina","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0065","first-page":"307","article-title":"acromegalic cardiomyopathy: An overview of risk factors, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic options","volume":"26","author":"Goldberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiology Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2031","article-title":"Rapidly reversible myocardial edema in patients with acromegaly: Assessment with ultrafast T2 mapping in a single-breath-hold MRI sequence","volume":"190","author":"Gouya","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0067","article-title":"Sub-macroscopic skin presentation of acromegaly and effect of pituitary tumor surgery: A study using dermatoscopy and ultra-high-frequency ultrasound","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology(Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0068","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia and hypopituitarism in acromegaly and effect of pituitary surgery: Long-Term follow-up on 529 patients","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology(Lausanne)"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255020","article-title":"Acromegaly: A cross-sectional analysis of the oral and maxillofacial pathologies","volume":"119","author":"Herrmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031199","article-title":"Factors influencing mortality in acromegaly","volume":"89","author":"Holdaway","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12407","article-title":"Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in keloid and hypertrophic scar","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061906","article-title":"Acromegaly and cardiovascular disease: associated cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular prognosis, and therapeutic impact","volume":"14","author":"Iglesias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304050-00003","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders: A guide for dermatologists","volume":"4","author":"Jabbour","year":"2003","journal-title":"American journal of clinical dermatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0074","first-page":"3218","article-title":"Insulin-Like growth factor I and the development of colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly*","volume":"85","author":"Jenkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00011","article-title":"The pathology of median neuropathy in acromegaly","volume":"133","author":"Jenkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0078","article-title":"Body fluid expansion in acromegaly is related to enhanced epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity","volume":"96","author":"Kamenicky","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0143","article-title":"Epithelial sodium channel is a key mediator of growth hormone-induced sodium retention in acromegaly","volume":"149","author":"Kamenicky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9378-8","article-title":"Skin manifestations of growth hormone-induced diseases","volume":"17","author":"Kanaka-Gantenbein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14144822","article-title":"Non-Invasive assessment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and cardiovascular risk in acromegaly indicates persistence of cardiac risks despite biochemical disease control","volume":"14","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.791","article-title":"Goiter associated with acromegaly: Sonographic and scintigraphic findings of the thyroid gland","volume":"9","author":"Kasagi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.924952","article-title":"Acromegaly and colorectal neoplasm: An update","volume":"13","author":"Kasuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2700","article-title":"Acromegaly: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"99","author":"Katznelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1381","article-title":"A nationwide survey of mortality in acromegaly","volume":"90","author":"Kauppinen-M\u00e4kelin","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22678","article-title":"The IGF-I regulatory system and its impact on skeletal and energy homeostasis","volume":"111","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf029","article-title":"Acromegaly and the risk of cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Korea","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0086","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis in patients with acromegaly","volume":"2","author":"Koutsou-Tassopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.90","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis in patients with acromegaly","volume":"2","author":"Koutsou-Tassopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1571-y","article-title":"Oro-dental pathologies in acromegaly","volume":"60","author":"Kreitschmann-Andermahr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22683.1","article-title":"Updates in rare and not-so-rare complications of acromegaly: Focus on respiratory function and quality of life in acromegaly","volume":"9","author":"Langlois","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0754-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of acromegaly: Review of population studies","volume":"20","author":"Lavrentaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.719","article-title":"What is the effect of peripheral muscle fatigue, pulmonary function, and body composition on functional exercise capacity in acromegalic patients?","volume":"27","author":"Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/540398","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acromegaly","volume":"2012","author":"Lugo","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-025-01509-0","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity in acromegaly: A cohort study and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Matthesen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2937","article-title":"Bone turnover, bone mineral density, and fracture risk in acromegaly: A meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0758-6","article-title":"Acromegalic osteopathy","volume":"20","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00005","article-title":"Pituitary diseases and bone","volume":"39","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R45","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0184","article-title":"Management Of endocrine disease: Bone disorders associated with acromegaly: Mechanisms and treatment","volume":"181","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.11.1.18","article-title":"Acromegaly as an endocrine form of myopathy: Case report and review of literature","volume":"11","author":"McNab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra062453","article-title":"Medical progress: Acromegaly","volume":"355","author":"Melmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810772","article-title":"Pituitary-tumor endocrinopathies","volume":"382","author":"Melmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810772","article-title":"Pituitary-tumor endocrinopathies","volume":"382","author":"Melmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0838","article-title":"Impact of musculoskeletal disease on quality of life in long-standing acromegaly","volume":"158","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-006-0143-8","article-title":"Bone and joint alterations in acromegaly","volume":"7","author":"Morselli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1987.tb00805.x","article-title":"Acromegaly","volume":"26","author":"Nabarro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology(Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00869745","article-title":"Renal effects of growth hormone. I. Renal function and kidney growth","volume":"6","author":"Ogle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-025-02619-z","article-title":"Evaluation of bone density and microstructure by DXA, TBS and HR-pQCT: An assessment of cortical porosity and its association with vertebral fractures in patients with acromegaly","volume":"48","author":"Ornellas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgz116","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz116","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in acromegaly and the effect of treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Parolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa747","article-title":"Progression of acromegalic arthropathy in long-term controlled acromegaly patients: 9 years of longitudinal follow-up","volume":"106","author":"Pelsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-024-01465-1","article-title":"Approach to the patient with controlled acromegaly and acromegalic arthropathy: Clinical diagnosis and management","volume":"27","author":"Pelsma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030849","article-title":"Increased prevalence of regurgitant valvular heart disease in acromegaly","volume":"89","author":"Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.7.638","article-title":"Neuromuscular complications of acromegaly","volume":"25","author":"Pickett","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0797-7","article-title":"Complications of acromegaly: Cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic comorbidities","volume":"20","author":"Pivonello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.02.010","article-title":"Excess growth hormone triggers inflammation-associated arthropathy, subchondral bone loss, and arthralgia","volume":"193","author":"Poudel","year":"2023","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000438903","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and sleep-disordered breathing in acromegaly","volume":"103","author":"Powlson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00120","article-title":"bringing cardiovascular comorbidities in acromegaly to an update. How should we diagnose and manage them?","volume":"10","author":"Ramos-Lev\u00ed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1191-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular comorbidities in acromegaly: An update on their diagnosis and management","volume":"55","author":"Ramos-Lev\u00ed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03626.x","article-title":"Features at diagnosis of 324 patients with acromegaly did not change from 1981 to 2006: Acromegaly remains under-recognized and under-diagnosed","volume":"72","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.9.6775","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly","volume":"85","author":"Renehan","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2509","article-title":"Evidence of prolonged orocecal transit time and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in acromegalic patients","volume":"92","author":"Resmini","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-16-0106","article-title":"Mortality in acromegaly: A 20-year follow-up study","volume":"23","author":"Ritvonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01453692","article-title":"Influence of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I on kidney function and kidney growth","volume":"5","author":"Ritz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrology"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3484","article-title":"Risk of colorectal neoplasm in patients with acromegaly: A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Rokkas","year":"2008","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2022.101497","article-title":"Acromegaly-related cutis verticis gyrata","volume":"66","author":"Roque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf047","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disease in acromegaly-a population-based registry study","volume":"192","author":"Rosendal","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01780.x","article-title":"Growth hormone, acromegaly, and heart failure: An intricate triangulation","volume":"59","author":"Sacc\u00e0","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism(Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934681","article-title":"Influence of disease activity and body composition parameters on cross-sectional area of the median nerve in acromegalic patients","author":"S\u00e1gov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiological Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0127","article-title":"Prevalence of acromegaly in patients with symptoms of sleep apnea","volume":"12","author":"Sesmilo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Library of Science ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1097","article-title":"ACTH deficiency, higher doses of hydrocortisone replacement, and radiotherapy are independent predictors of mortality in patients with acromegaly","volume":"94","author":"Sherlock","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00756-z","article-title":"Acromegaly and non-parathyroid hormone-dependent hypercalcemia: A case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Endocrine Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-023-01322-7","article-title":"Prevalence of clinical signs, symptoms and comorbidities at diagnosis of acromegaly: A systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines","volume":"26","author":"Slagboom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010164","article-title":"Vertebral fractures in acromegaly: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Sorohan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0240","article-title":"Colonoscopic screening and follow-up in patients with acromegaly: A multicenter study in Italy","volume":"90","author":"Terzolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302013000900003","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with acromegaly: experience of a Brazilian center","volume":"57","author":"Uchoa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2006.02.002","article-title":"Uncontrolled acromegaly is associated with progressive mitral valvular regurgitation","volume":"16","author":"van der Klaauw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0772-8","article-title":"Acromegaly: Clinical features at diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Vilar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13319","article-title":"Skin manifestations and submacroscopical features of acromegaly: A case-control study using dermoscopy and high-frequency ultrasound","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Research and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.131698","article-title":"Arthropathy in long-term cured acromeagaly is characterised by osteophytes without joint space narrowing: A comparison with generalised osteoarthritis","volume":"70","author":"Wassenaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1005","article-title":"High prevalence of vertebral fractures despite normal bone mineral density in patients with long-term controlled acromegaly","volume":"164","author":"Wassenaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1714","article-title":"Acromegaly is associated with an increased prevalence of colonic diverticula: A case-control study","volume":"95","author":"Wassenaar","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000375451","article-title":"Quality of life in acromegaly","volume":"103","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155511","article-title":"Collaboration between endocrinologists and dentists in the care of patients with acromegaly\u2014A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Wi\u015bniewska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0142","article-title":"Risk of thyroid nodular disease and thyroid cancer in patients with acromegaly\u2014Meta-analysis and systematic review. Khamseh M.E., editor","volume":"9","author":"Wolinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Library of Science ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03447-y","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of cancers in acromegaly: A Chinese single-center retrospective study","volume":"82","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0144","first-page":"e0285335","article-title":"Risk of cancer in acromegaly patients: An updated meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Library of Science ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0145","article-title":"Association between serum growth hormone levels and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Library of Science ONE"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.6560","article-title":"Prevalence of simple renal cysts in acromegaly","volume":"55","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internal medicine"}],"container-title":["Vitamins and Hormones","Growth Hormone and Related Disorders: From Clinics to Diagnosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S008367292500055X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S008367292500055X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:03:10Z","timestamp":1774688590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S008367292500055X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9780443431722"],"references-count":146,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.vh.2025.10.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0083-6729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0083-6729","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}