{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T18:04:58Z","timestamp":1780423498039,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780443431746","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:27:55Z","timestamp":1778815675000},"page":"127-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential diagnosis between endogenous Cushing\u00b4s syndrome and pseudo-Cushing"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Alaa","family":"Abdul-Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0702","article-title":"Differentiating between Cushing\u2019s disease and pseudo-Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Comparison of four tests","volume":"170","author":"Alwani","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0370","article-title":"The pathogenetic role of cortisol in the metabolic syndrome: A hypothesis","volume":"94","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0824-8","article-title":"Combined dexamethasone and desmopressin test in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome and pseudo-Cushing\u2019s states","volume":"20","author":"Araya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0985","article-title":"Severe obesity confounds the interpretation of low-dose dexamethasone test combined with the administration of ovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone in childhood Cushing syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Batista","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0005","first-page":"318","article-title":"Alcohol-induced Cushing syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Besemer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.04.017","article-title":"The difficulties of pseudo-Cushing\u2019s syndrome (or \u201cnon-neoplastic hypercortisolism\u201d)","volume":"79","author":"Chabre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annales d\u2019Endocrinologie (Paris)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.12.005","article-title":"An investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: The role of CRH and AVP","volume":"41","author":"Connan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0626","article-title":"Cortisol in tissue and systemic level as a contributing factor to the development of metabolic syndrome in severely obese patients","volume":"172","author":"Constantinopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2662","article-title":"Dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for diagnosis of mild hypercortisolism","volume":"92","author":"Erickson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R205","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0946","article-title":"DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Differentiation of pathologic\/neoplastic hypercortisolism (Cushing\u2019s syndrome) from physiologic\/non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (formerly known as pseudo-Cushing\u2019s syndrome)","volume":"176","author":"Findling","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Findling, J. W., & Raff, H. (2017). Neoplastic\/pathological and nonneoplastic\/physiological hypercortisolism: Cushing versus Pseudo-Cushing syndromes. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-45950-9_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45950-9_6"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvad087","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad087","article-title":"Recognition of nonneoplastic hypercortisolism in the evaluation of patients with Cushing syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Findling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Endocrine Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00235-7","article-title":"Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing\u2019s disease: A guideline update","volume":"9","author":"Fleseriu","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2829","article-title":"Reevaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression-corticotropin-releasing hormone test for differentiation of mild Cushing\u2019s disease from pseudo-Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Gatta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1332120","article-title":"Accuracy of the 10 mug desmopressin test for differential diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Giampietro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000955","article-title":"Cortisol and depression: Three questions for psychiatry","volume":"43","author":"Herbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-024-01408-w","article-title":"The conundrum of differentiating Cushing\u2019s syndrome from non-neoplastic hypercortisolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Hinojosa-Amaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03756.x","article-title":"The 4-mg intravenous dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvaf188","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf188","article-title":"Multicenter 30-year data on the 4-Mg intravenous dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Jung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of the Endocrine Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1046","article-title":"Hypercortisolemia is associated with severity of bone loss and depression in hypothalamic amenorrhea and anorexia nervosa","volume":"94","author":"Lawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599609181317","article-title":"Effects of haemodialysis session on plasma beta-endorphin, ACTH and cortisol in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"30","author":"Letizia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2143","article-title":"Comparison of the dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone test and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1222","article-title":"Endocrine dysregulation in anorexia nervosa update","volume":"96","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02099-z","article-title":"Second-line tests in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic hypercortisolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Mondin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0024","first-page":"3569","article-title":"The desmopressin test in the differential diagnosis between Cushing\u2019s disease and pseudo-Cushing states","volume":"85","author":"Moro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2015.11.001","article-title":"Performance of the 4-mg intravenous dexamethasone suppression test in differentiating Cushing disease from pseudo-Cushing syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Nouvel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annales D Endocrinologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01082-7","article-title":"Role of arginine vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor in mediating alcohol-induced adrenocorticotropin and vasopressin secretion in male rats bearing lesions of the paraventricular nuclei","volume":"744","author":"Ogilvie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0027","first-page":"1163","article-title":"A single midnight serum cortisol measurement distinguishes Cushing\u2019s syndrome from pseudo-Cushing states","volume":"83","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","article-title":"The HPA axis in major depression: Classical theories and new developments","volume":"31","author":"Pariante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02717.x","article-title":"The dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the desmopressin test to distinguish Cushing\u2019s syndrome from pseudo-Cushing\u2019s states","volume":"66","author":"Pecori Giraldi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-024-01458-0","article-title":"Differential diagnosis between Cushing\u2019s syndrome and non-neoplastic hypercortisolism: Are we getting there?","volume":"27","author":"Pivonello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ20-0837","article-title":"The usefulness of the combined high-dose dexamethasone suppression test and desmopressin stimulation test in establishing the source of ACTH secretion in ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-12-0058","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol, plasma cortisol, and plasma ACTH in end-stage renal disease","volume":"2","author":"Raff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine Connections"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0402","article-title":"The combined low-dose dexamethasone suppression corticotropin-releasing hormone test as a tool to rule out Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"159","author":"Reimondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12661","article-title":"Evaluation of the DDAVP test in the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"82","author":"Rollin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0435","article-title":"Approach to patients with pseudo-Cushing\u2019s states","volume":"9","author":"Scaroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine Connections"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00850.x","article-title":"ACTH and cortisol release following intravenous desmopressin: A dose\u2013response study","volume":"51","author":"Scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0037","article-title":"Alcohol-induced Cushing syndrome: Report of eight cases and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Surani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2022.02.001","article-title":"Consensus statement by the French Society of Endocrinology (SFE) and French Society of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology (SFEDP) on diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Tabarin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annales D Endocrinologie"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0112-y","article-title":"Harmful effects of functional hypercortisolism: A working hypothesis","volume":"46","author":"Tirabassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1146","article-title":"Use of the desmopressin test in the differential diagnosis of pseudo-Cushing state from Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"95","author":"Tirabassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04096.x","article-title":"Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and desmopressin tests in the differential diagnosis between Cushing\u2019s disease and pseudo-Cushing state: A comparative study","volume":"75","author":"Tirabassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.52.103","article-title":"Dexamethasone infusion testing in the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Tran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1500","article-title":"Concomitant medication use can confound interpretation of the combined dexamethasone-corticotropin releasing hormone test in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Valassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1279777","article-title":"Salivary cortisol increases after bariatric surgery in women","volume":"43","author":"Valentine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hormone and Metabolic Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430001","article-title":"Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness","volume":"143","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R201","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0007","article-title":"DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: The role of the desmopressin test in the diagnosis and follow-up of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"178","author":"Vassiliadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-1-46","article-title":"Pituitary-adrenocortical function in chronic renal failure: Studies of episodic secretion of cortisol and dexamethasone suppressibility","volume":"50","author":"Wallace","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-6-1290","article-title":"Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in actively drinking alcoholics","volume":"72","author":"Wand","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500170062035","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasone administration. A new test to distinguish Cushing\u2019s syndrome from pseudo-Cushing\u2019s states","volume":"269","author":"Yanovski","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"}],"container-title":["Vitamins and Hormones","Hypercortisolism: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0083672926000373?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0083672926000373?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:29:45Z","timestamp":1780421385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0083672926000373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9780443431746"],"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.vh.2026.04.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0083-6729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0083-6729","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}