{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:28:59Z","timestamp":1789702139156,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,8]],"date-time":"2006-09-08T15:17:14Z","timestamp":1157728634000},"page":"106-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Car following decisions under three visibility conditions and two speeds tested with a driving simulator"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Kathy L.M.","family":"Broughton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Switzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib1","series-title":"Paper Presented at Second International Congress on \u201cNew Technologies and Modeling Tools for Roads\u2014Applications to Design and Management\u201d. Second SIIV International Congress","article-title":"Driving simulation in virtual reality for work zone design on highway: a validation study","author":"Bella","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088202400408","article-title":"Driving experience and task demands in simulator and instrumented car: a validation study","volume":"24","author":"Blaauw","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(00)00005-X","article-title":"Car following: a historical review","volume":"2","author":"Brackstone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transportation Res. Part F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(02)00004-9","article-title":"Motorway driver behaviour: studies on car following","volume":"2","author":"Brackstone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transportation Res. Part F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008574","article-title":"Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings","volume":"197","author":"Campbell","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib6","series-title":"Human Factors in Road Traffic II. Traffic Psychology and Engineering","first-page":"74","article-title":"Distance perception of vehicles in fog","author":"Cavallo","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775898197","article-title":"Distance perception of vehicle rear lights in fog","volume":"433","author":"Cavallo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib8","series-title":"Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application","first-page":"97","article-title":"Time-to-collision judgments: visual and spatio-temporal factors.","author":"Cavallo","year":"1997"},{"issue":"66","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib9","first-page":"8119","article-title":"An overestimation of headways in fog","volume":"2000","author":"Cavallo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Recherche Transports Securite"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.12.016","article-title":"Reliability of a driving simulation task for evaluation of sleepiness","volume":"63","author":"Contardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.10.1.85","article-title":"The influence of forward vision and target size on apparent inter-vehicular spacing","volume":"10","author":"Evans","year":"1976","journal-title":"Transportation Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(82)90007-0","article-title":"Do accident involved drivers exhibit riskier everyday driving behavior?","volume":"14","author":"Evans","year":"1982","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib13","series-title":"Traffic Safety","author":"Evans","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138108924868","article-title":"Determinants of time headway adopted by truck drivers","volume":"24","author":"Fuller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib15","first-page":"9","article-title":"Motorway traffic behaviour in reduced visibility conditions","volume":"vol. II","author":"Hawkins","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib16","first-page":"90","article-title":"An experiment on car size effects in traffic","volume":"15","author":"Herman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Traffic Eng. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib17","series-title":"Towards an Intelligent Transport System. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics Intelligent Vehicle-highway Systems","first-page":"1623","article-title":"Driving behaviour under adverse visibility conditions","author":"Hogema","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib18","series-title":"Presented at Driving Assessment 2001: International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design","article-title":"Image characteristics and their effect on driving simulator validity","author":"Jamson","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib19","series-title":"Paper presented at the 24th Conference of Australian Institutes of Transport Research (CAITR 2002)","article-title":"The validity of driving simulator to measure on-road driving performance of older drivers","author":"Lee","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib20","first-page":"348","article-title":"Traffic dynamics: visual angle car following models","author":"Lee","year":"1967","journal-title":"Traffic Eng. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib21","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Theory of Road Traffic","first-page":"44","article-title":"Perceptual factors in car following","author":"Michaels","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib22","series-title":"Presented at SAE International 2005 Government\/Industry Meeting","article-title":"Overview and evaluation of the automotive collision avoidance system field operational test ACAS FOT","author":"NHTSA","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib23","unstructured":"NHTSA, 2005b. Model Driver Screening and Evaluation Program Volume I: Project Summary and Model Program Recommendations. Appendix C: How Is Your Driving Health? Brochure, http:\/\/www.nhtsa.dot.gov\/people\/injury\/olddrive\/modeldriver\/1_app_c.htm."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130050201436","article-title":"Drivers\u2019 impressions of front and rear gaps in queues","volume":"43","author":"Nilsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(00)00010-3","article-title":"Psychological factors that influence car-following and car-following model development","volume":"2","author":"Ranny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transportation Res. Part F"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185117","article-title":"Comparison of driving performance on-road and in a low-cost simulator using concurrent telephone dialing task","volume":"42","author":"Reed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib27","series-title":"Human Perception of Objects","author":"Regan","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib28","series-title":"Vision in Vehicles","first-page":"413","article-title":"Misleading perception and vehicle guidance under poor conditions of visibility","author":"Reinhardt-Rutland","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib29","first-page":"61","article-title":"Driver strategies in car-following situations","volume":"vol. V","author":"Saad","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/33049","article-title":"Speed perception fogs up as visibility drops","volume":"392","author":"Snowden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib31","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design","first-page":"239","article-title":"Risk of fatal read-end collisions: is there more to it than attention?","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775992543","article-title":"Minimum and comfortable driving headways: reality versus perception","volume":"431","author":"Taieb-Maimon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib33","series-title":"Road User Behavior: Theory and Research","first-page":"169","article-title":"Lane keeping and speed choice with restricted sight distances","author":"Tenkink","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib34","first-page":"391","article-title":"the effect of lead vehicles on speed choice under restricted sight distances","volume":"vol. III","author":"Tenkink","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(98)00004-7","article-title":"Strategic adaptations to lack of preview in driving","volume":"2","author":"Van der Hulst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transportation Res. Part F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1998.87.3.863","article-title":"Preferred time headway in car-following and individual differences in perceptual-motor skills","volume":"87","author":"Van Winsum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(00)00008-5","article-title":"The human element in car following models","volume":"2","author":"Van Winsum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transportation Res. Part F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1997.84.3c.1247","article-title":"Time-headway in car-following and operational performance during unexpected braking","volume":"84","author":"Van Winsum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964482","article-title":"Choice of time-headway in car-following and the role of time-to-collision information in braking","volume":"394","author":"Van Winsum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00022-2","article-title":"A comparison of headway time and time to collision as safety indicators","volume":"35","author":"Vogel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.13.1.36","article-title":"Car following headways on freeways interpreted by the semi-Poisson headway distribution model","volume":"13","author":"Wasielewski","year":"1979","journal-title":"Transportation Sci."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145750600114X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145750600114X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T22:38:34Z","timestamp":1555799914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000145750600114X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S000145750600114X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}