{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:58:02Z","timestamp":1788944282300,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,19]],"date-time":"2009-02-19T13:29:15Z","timestamp":1235050155000},"page":"479-484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Modeling motorcycle helmet use in Iowa: Evidence from six roadside observational surveys"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Gkritza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(00)00078-6","article-title":"Helmet laws and motorcycle rider death rates","volume":"33","author":"Branas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(92)90049-O","article-title":"Travel exposure and choice of comparison crashes for examining motorcycle conspicuity by analysis of crash data","volume":"24","author":"Cercarelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1765(97)00025-6","article-title":"On the calculation of marginal effects in the bivariate probit model","volume":"54","author":"Christofides","year":"1997","journal-title":"Economic Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib4","unstructured":"Deutermann, W., 2004. Motorcycle helmet effectiveness revisited. Report DOT HS 809 715, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)00079-2","article-title":"Relationship of helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle crash victims in El Paso County, Colorado, 1989\u20131990","volume":"27","author":"Gabella","year":"1995","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.07.013","article-title":"Mixed logit analysis of safety-belt use in single- and multi-occupant vehicles","volume":"40","author":"Gkritza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib7","series-title":"Highway Safety: Motorcycle Helmet Laws Save Lives and Reduce Costs to Society","author":"Government Accountability Office","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib8","series-title":"Econometric Analysis","author":"Greene","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib9","series-title":"Limdep Version 9.0","author":"Greene","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2007.05.002","article-title":"Are helmet laws protecting young motorcyclists?","volume":"38","author":"Houston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.05.005","article-title":"Motorcyclist fatality rates and mandatory helmet-use laws","volume":"40","author":"Houston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib12","unstructured":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2008. History of US motorcycle laws and changes in coverage. Available at: http:\/\/www.iihs.org\/laws\/helmet_history.html (accessed March 24, 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib13","unstructured":"Iowa Department of Public Health, 2007. CODES (the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System) Motorcycle Quick Facts in Iowa: 2001\u20132005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib14","unstructured":"Iowa Comprehensive Highway Safety Plan, 2006. Available at: http:\/\/www.iowadot.org\/traffic\/chsp\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib15","unstructured":"Iowa's Motorcycle Rider Education Program, 2008. Program web site <www.iowamre.com>."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib16","unstructured":"Iowa's Motorcycle Safety Awareness Programs, 2008. Program web site <www.iowamre.com\/awarenessmonth.htm>."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib17","series-title":"Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis","author":"Johnson","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib18","unstructured":"Lawrence, B.A., Max, W., Miller, T.R., 2002. Costs of injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes: a literature review. Report DOT HS 809 242, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.06.006","article-title":"Presence of passengers: does it increase or reduce driver's crash potential?","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.123299","article-title":"Changes in motorcycle-related head injury deaths, hospitalizations, and hospital charges following repeal of Pennsylvania's mandatory motorcycle helmet law","volume":"98","author":"Mertz","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.08.004","article-title":"Generalized linear regression analysis of association of universal helmet laws with motorcyclist fatality rates","volume":"38","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.6.586","article-title":"Evaluation of the costs and benefits of motorcycle helmet laws","volume":"70","author":"Muller","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(84)90002-2","article-title":"Daytime headlight operation and motorcyclist fatalities","volume":"16","author":"Muller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.556","article-title":"Florida's motorcycle helmet law repeal and fatality rates","volume":"94","author":"Muller","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(98)00071-2","article-title":"The prevalence of non-standard helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle riders","volume":"31","author":"Peek-Asa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00027-5","article-title":"Analysis of fatal motorcycle crashes: crash typing","volume":"27","author":"Preusser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib27","unstructured":"Preusser, D.F., Hedlund, J.H., Ulmer, R.G., 2000. Evaluation of motorcycle helmet law repeal in Arkansas and Texas. Report DOT HS 809 131, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00071-2","article-title":"Modelling of conspicuity-related motorcycle accidents in Seremban and Shah Alam, Malaysia","volume":"28","author":"Radin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(80)90053-6","article-title":"Running lights\u2014conspicuity, glare and accident reduction","volume":"12","author":"Rumar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib30","unstructured":"SAS Institute, 2008. SAS OnlineDoc 9.1 at http:\/\/support.sas.com\/91doc\/docMainpage.jsp."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.12.016","article-title":"Probabilistic models of motorcyclists\u2019 injury severities in single- and multi-vehicle crashes","volume":"39","author":"Savolainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3141\/2031-07","article-title":"Effectiveness of motorcycle training and motorcyclists\u2019 risk-taking behavior","volume":"2031","author":"Savolainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(96)00010-2","article-title":"An exploratory multinomial logit analysis of single-vehicle motorcycle accident severity","volume":"3","author":"Shankar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(80)90015-9","article-title":"The role frontal motorcycle conspicuity has in road accidents","volume":"12","author":"Thomson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib35","unstructured":"Tukey, J., 1953. The problem of multiple comparisons. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib36","unstructured":"Ulmer, R.G., Preusser, D.F., 2003. Evaluation of the repeal of motorcycle helmet laws in Kentucky and Louisiana. Report DOT HS 809 530, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib37","series-title":"Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis","author":"Washington","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.71.3.297","article-title":"Helmet use, helmet use laws, and motorcyclist fatalities","volume":"71","author":"Watson","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.37984.574757.EE","article-title":"Motorcycle rider conspicuity and crash related injury: case\u2013control study","volume":"328","author":"Wells","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(79)90005-8","article-title":"Motorcycle conspicuity and traffic accidents","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"1979","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(89)90025-X","article-title":"Motorcycle conspicuity: an evaluation and synthesis of influential factors","volume":"20","author":"Wulf","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2006.03.004","article-title":"An exploration of the relationship between mode choice and complexity of trip chaining patterns","volume":"41","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457509000153?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457509000153?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T16:26:23Z","timestamp":1545409583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457509000153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001457509000153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}