{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:23:31Z","timestamp":1786983811003,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]],"date-time":"2010-04-29T04:27:48Z","timestamp":1272515268000},"page":"1606-1620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Vehicle occupant injury severity on highways: An empirical investigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Zoi","family":"Christoforou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Karlaftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2003.05.009","article-title":"Analysis of driver injury severity levels at multiple locations using ordered probit models","volume":"34","author":"Abdel-Aty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(98)00038-4","article-title":"An assessment of the effect of driver age on traffic accident involvement using log-linear models","volume":"30","author":"Abdel-Aty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2007.04.007","article-title":"Crash data analysis: collective vs. individual crash level approach","volume":"38","author":"Abdel-Aty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00073-2","article-title":"Using logistic regression to estimate the influence of accident factors on accident severity","volume":"34","author":"Al-Ghamdi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.10.005","article-title":"A note on modeling vehicle accident frequencies with random-parameters count models","volume":"41","author":"Anastasopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib6","unstructured":"Aron, M., Seidowsky, R., 2004. Diagnostic d\u2019exploitation et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du tronc commun autoroutier A4-A86; Analyse statistique des accidents survenus entre 1996 et 2002. Rapport de convention SISER-INRETS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib7","unstructured":"Aron, M., Seidowsky R., Cohen S., 2009. The safety impact of hard shoulder use during congested traffic. The case of a managed lane operation on a french urban motorway. In: Proceedings of the 13th European Working Group on Transportation Conference, Padova, Italy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00129-X","article-title":"Pedestrian injuries and vehicle type in Maryland, 1995\u20131999","volume":"36","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10182-006-0228-y","article-title":"Ordered response models","volume":"90","author":"Boes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2007.10.010","article-title":"The impact of environmental, vehicle and driver characteristics on injury severity in older drivers hospitalized as a result of a traffic crash","volume":"39","author":"Boufous","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.04.009","article-title":"Analysis of traffic injury severity: an application of non-parametric classification tree techniques","volume":"38","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Neuromorphic prediction of highway injury severity","author":"Chimba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advances in Transportation Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.04.006","article-title":"The influence of vehicle damage on injury severity of drivers in head-on motor vehicle crashes","volume":"40","author":"Conroy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.11.010","article-title":"A mixed generalized response model for examining pedestrian and bicyclist injury severity level in traffic crashes","volume":"40","author":"Eluru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7152(88)90004-1","article-title":"A finite mixture model for the clustering of mixed-mode data","volume":"6","author":"Everitt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistics and Probability Letters"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2007.08.007","article-title":"Probabilistic models of freeway safety performance using traffic flow data as predictors","volume":"46","author":"Golob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:4(342)","article-title":"Relationships among urban freeway accidents, traffic flow, weather, and lighting conditions","volume":"129","author":"Golob","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Transplant and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.07.003","article-title":"Injury severity analysis of accidents involving young male drivers in Great Britain","volume":"39","author":"Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib19","series-title":"Econometric Analysis","author":"Greene","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.04.002","article-title":"Severity of driver injury and vehicle damage in traffic crashes at intersections: a Bayesian hierarchical analysis","volume":"40","author":"Helai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.06.005","article-title":"Age and pedestrian injury severity in motor-vehicle crashes: a heteroskedastic logit analysis","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00028-8","article-title":"Driver injury severity: an application of ordered probit models","volume":"34","author":"Kockelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.11.005","article-title":"Willingness to use safety belt and levels of injury in car accidents","volume":"40","author":"Lapparent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.03.019","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of vehicle\u2013pedestrian crashes at intersections in Florida","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib25","series-title":"Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics","author":"Maddala","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00061-6","article-title":"Relationship between crash rate and hourly traffic flow on interurban motorways","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1975.9989847","article-title":"A statistical model for the analysis of ordinal level dependent variables","volume":"4","author":"McKelvey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.06.006","article-title":"Highway accident severities and the mixed logit model: an exploratory empirical analysis","volume":"40","author":"Milton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(96)00050-4","article-title":"Predicting the severity using models of ordered multiple choice","volume":"28","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2008.12.007","article-title":"Motorcyclist injury severity in angle crashes at T-junctions: identifying significant factors and analyzing what made motorists fail to yield to motorcycles","volume":"47","author":"Pai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2007.07.005","article-title":"Modelling motorcyclist injury severity by various crash types at T-junctions in the UK","volume":"46","author":"Pai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(02)00051-8","article-title":"An analysis of motorcycle injury and vehicle damage using ordered probit models","volume":"33","author":"Quddus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib33","series-title":"TRB 2009 Annual Meeting CD-ROM","article-title":"The impact of road traffic congestion on crash severity using ordered response models","author":"Quddus","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.12.016","article-title":"Probabilistic models of motorcyclists\u2019 injury severities in single- and multi-vehicles crashes","volume":"39","author":"Savolainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(96)00009-7","article-title":"Statistical analysis of accident severity on rural freeways","volume":"28","author":"Shankar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.03.017","article-title":"Diagnostic analysis of the logistic model for pedestrian injury severity in crashes","volume":"39","author":"Sze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03610928508828893","article-title":"Ordered probit: a generalization","volume":"14","author":"Terza","year":"1985","journal-title":"Communications in Statistics\u2014Theory and Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib38","unstructured":"The Scottish Office Central Research Unit, 1997. Impact of the Road Network on Scotland's Accident Rates. MVA Consultancy ISBN 0-7480-6450-8."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.06.001","article-title":"Analysis of left-turn crash injury severity by conflicting pattern using partial proportional odds model","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib40","series-title":"Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis","author":"Washington","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-006-8288-7","article-title":"An exploration of the offset hypothesis using disaggregate data: the case of airbags and antilock brakes","volume":"32","author":"Winston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Risk and Uncertainty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2009)135:1(18)","article-title":"Crash injury severity analysis using Bayesian ordered probit model","volume":"135","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2003.09.002","article-title":"Bivariate ordered response probit model of driver's and passenger's injury severities in collisions with fixed objects","volume":"36","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00013-1","article-title":"Factors influencing injury severity of motor vehicle-crossing pedestrian crashes in rural Connecticut","volume":"35","author":"Zajac","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457510001016?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457510001016?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T09:20:30Z","timestamp":1544520030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457510001016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001457510001016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]}}}