{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T21:55:17Z","timestamp":1781992517225,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs"},{"name":"Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T09:24:13Z","timestamp":1295688253000},"page":"1197-1203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Alcohol, psychoactive drugs and fatal road traffic accidents in Norway: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Hallvard","family":"Gjerde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per T.","family":"Normann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asbj\u00f8rg S.","family":"Christophersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven Ove","family":"Samuelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rg","family":"M\u00f8rland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0005","series-title":"Immortal Project, Report No. D-R4. 2","article-title":"The prevalence of drug driving and relative risk estimations. A study conducted in The Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom","author":"Assum","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405376","article-title":"The impact of cannabis on driving","volume":"98","author":"Bedard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.022","article-title":"Demands on scientific studies in different fields of forensic medicine and forensic sciences: traffic medicine\u2014impaired driver: alcohol, drugs, diseases","volume":"165","author":"Berghaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2009.07.002","article-title":"The Long Beach\/Fort Lauderdale relative risk study","volume":"40","author":"Blomberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Safety Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01100.x","article-title":"Marijuana use and car crash injury","volume":"100","author":"Blows","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0030","first-page":"7","article-title":"The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents (the Grand Rapids Study)","volume":"11","author":"Borkenstein","year":"1974","journal-title":"Blutalkohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD-ROM)","article-title":"The contribution of alcohol and other drugs among fatally injured drivers in Quebec: final results","author":"Brault","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.5.396","article-title":"Alternative specimens for workplace drug testing","volume":"25","author":"Caplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2004.248","article-title":"Oral fluid as a diagnostic tool","volume":"42","author":"Choo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0050","series-title":"En sammenligning mellom de 5 nordiske land for perioden 2001\u20132002","article-title":"Forekomst av alkohol og andre rusmidler blant trafikkdrepte motorvognf\u00f8rere","author":"Christophersen","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/10.4.129","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinol stability in whole blood: plastic versus glass containers","volume":"10","author":"Christophersen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0060","series-title":"Abstracts of the 39th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT)","article-title":"Screening, confirmation and quantification of drugs of abuse in whole blood by LC\u2013MS (ESI)","author":"Christophersen","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00446-7","article-title":"Legal, workplace, and treatment drug testing with alternate biological matrices on a global scale","volume":"121","author":"Cone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.013","article-title":"Postmortem toxicology of drugs of abuse","volume":"142","author":"Drummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00153-7","article-title":"The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes","volume":"36","author":"Drummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(93)90078-B","article-title":"Incidence of alcohol and drugs in fatally injured car drivers in Norway","volume":"25","author":"Gjerde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(90)90248-W","article-title":"Screening for drugs in forensic blood samples using EMIT urine assays","volume":"44","author":"Gjerde","year":"1990","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(91)90210-A","article-title":"Evaluation of a method for simultaneous quantification of codeine, ethylmorphine and morphine in blood","volume":"51","author":"Gjerde","year":"1991","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/17.2.65","article-title":"Determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in blood by derivatization with perfluorooctanoyl chloride and gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Gjerde","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.4.204","article-title":"Comparison of drug concentrations in blood and oral fluid collected with the Intercept\u00ae sampling device","volume":"34","author":"Gjerde","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.06.015","article-title":"Prevalence of alcohol and drugs among Norwegian motor vehicle drivers: a roadside survey","volume":"40","author":"Gjerde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.011","article-title":"Can the prevalence of high blood drug concentrations in a population be estimated by analysing oral fluid? A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine","volume":"195","author":"Gjerde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.9.590","article-title":"Comparison of zopiclone concentrations in oral fluid sampled with Intercept\u00ae Oral Specimen Collection Device, Statsure Saliva Sampler\u2122 and concentrations in blood","volume":"34","author":"Gjerde","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0120","series-title":"Research on Drinking and Driving in Norway","author":"Glad","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580601188121","article-title":"Prevalence of alcohol and illicit drugs in blood specimens from drivers involved in traffic law offenses. Systematic review of cross-sectional studies","volume":"8","author":"Gonzalez-Wilhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14404J","article-title":"Postmortem drug redistribution\u2014human cases related to results in experimental animals","volume":"44","author":"Hilberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0135","series-title":"Road Deaths per 100 000 Motor Vehicles in 2007","author":"IRTAD","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/25.8.1394","article-title":"Inter- and intra-individual variations in the saliva\/blood alcohol ratio during ethanol metabolism in man","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230412331289482","article-title":"A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2004.03.074","article-title":"Testing for zolpidem in oral fluid by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"811","author":"Kintz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.5.387","article-title":"An automated alcohol dehydrogenase method for ethanol quantification in urine and whole blood","volume":"29","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.03.034","article-title":"Headspace gas chromatographic determination of ethanol: the use of factorial design to study effects of blood storage and headspace conditions on ethanol stability and acetaldehyde formation in whole blood and plasma","volume":"161","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacey, J.H., Kelley-Baker, T., Furr-Holden, D., Voas, R.B., Romano, E., Ramirez, A., Brainard, K., Moore, C., Torres, P., Berning, A., 2009a. 2007 national roadside survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers - drug results. DOT HS 811 249. National Highway Safety Administration, Washington.(Available online http:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/DOT\/NHTSA\/Traffic%20Injury%20Control\/Articles\/Associated%20Files\/811249.pdf).","DOI":"10.1037\/e729162011-001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0165","series-title":"2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers\u2014Alcohol Results. DOT HS 811 248","author":"Lacey","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.6.393","article-title":"Drug testing in oral fluid-evaluation of sample collection devices","volume":"32","author":"Langel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38648.617986.1F","article-title":"Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in France: population based case\u2013control study","volume":"331","author":"Laumon","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10286580108902564","article-title":"A random, roadside breathalyzer survey of alcohol impaired driving in Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Crash Prev. Inj. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00084-8","article-title":"Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents","volume":"36","author":"Movig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00052-5","article-title":"Comparison of the prevalence of alcohol, cannabis and other drugs between 900 injured drivers and 900 control subjects: results of a French collaborative study","volume":"133","author":"Mura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0195","first-page":"675","article-title":"Drinking and driving in an urban setting in Kenya","volume":"74","author":"Odero","year":"1997","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1997.tb00167.x","article-title":"Road traffic injuries in development countries: a comprehensive review of epidemiological studies","volume":"2","author":"Odero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.074237","article-title":"Drug screening of preserved oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"53","author":"\u00d8iestad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0210","series-title":"Drug Use, Impaired Driving and Traffic Accidents","author":"Raes","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.008","article-title":"Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use","volume":"73","author":"Ramaekers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0220","first-page":"2","article-title":"Analysis of drugs of abuse in saliva","volume":"11","author":"Samyn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0225","series-title":"Drugs in Saliva Clarke's Analysis of Drugs Poisons","author":"Spiehler","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0230","series-title":"Results of the TISPOL Drink- and Drug-driving Controls","author":"TISPOL","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580490465292","article-title":"Drugs and driving","volume":"5","author":"Walsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181ae46ea","article-title":"Relationship between oral fluid and blood concentrations of drugs of abuse in drivers suspected of DUID","volume":"31","author":"Wille","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.03.002","article-title":"Alcohol, illicit and non-illicit psychoactive drug use and road traffic injury in Thailand: a case\u2013control study","volume":"41","author":"Woratanarat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457510004112?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457510004112?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T22:28:25Z","timestamp":1592260105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457510004112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001457510004112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}}}