{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:29:04Z","timestamp":1791426544006,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T23:02:27Z","timestamp":1406070147000},"page":"146-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comparing the effects of age, BMI and gender on severe injury (AIS 3+) in motor-vehicle crashes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.C.","family":"Flannagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000064449.11809.48","article-title":"The cushion effect","volume":"54","author":"Arbabi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0010","series-title":"Abbreviated Injury Scale 90, 1998 Revision","author":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0015","first-page":"561","article-title":"Characteristics of crashes that increase the risk of serious injuries","volume":"47","author":"Augenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Proc. Assoc. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2003.09.004","article-title":"Effect of vehicle and crash factors on older occupants","volume":"34","author":"Austin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Safety Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00072-0","article-title":"The independent contribution of driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics to driver fatalities","volume":"34","author":"Bedard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0030","series-title":"The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes","author":"Blincoe","year":"2000"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300275","article-title":"Vulnerability of female drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes: an analysis of US population at risk","volume":"101","author":"Bose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199208000-00011","article-title":"Body habitus as a predictor of injury pattern after blunt trauma","volume":"33","author":"Boulanger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Trauma-Inj. Infect. Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0045","series-title":"WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System)","author":"CDC","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0050","series-title":"Vital Signs: Nonfatal, Motor Vehicle-Occupant Injuries (2009) and Seat Belt Use (2008) Among Adults","author":"CDC","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199109000-00009","article-title":"Obesity and increased mortality in blunt trauma","volume":"31","author":"Choban","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0060","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Real World Crash Injury Research","article-title":"Lower limb injuries sustained in crashes and corresponding biomechanical research","author":"Crandall","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00002-H","article-title":"Lower extremity fractures in motor vehicle collisions: the role of driver gender and height","volume":"27","author":"Dischinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0070","first-page":"10","article-title":"Age and fatality risk from similar severity impacts","volume":"29","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Traffic Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200102000-00014","article-title":"Female compared with male fatality risk from similar physical impacts","volume":"50","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0080","series-title":"Gender and Age Influence on Fatality Risk from the Same Physical Impact Determined Using Two-Car Crashes","author":"Evans","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0085","first-page":"511","article-title":"Prediction of airbag-induced forearm fractures and airbag aggressivity","volume":"45","author":"Hardy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0090","series-title":"Fatality Facts 2010 \u2013 Gender","author":"Insurance Institute on Highway Safety","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0095","series-title":"Fatality Facts: Older People","author":"Insurance Institute on Highway Safety","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.10.017","article-title":"Influence of obesity on mortality of drivers in severe motor vehicle crashes","volume":"30","author":"Jehle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0105","first-page":"371","article-title":"On the fatal crash experience of older drivers","volume":"49","author":"Kent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Proc. Assoc. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0110","first-page":"41","article-title":"How many people are injured and killed as a result of aging? Frailty, fragility, and the elderly risk-exposure tradeoff assessed via a risk saturation model","volume":"53","author":"Kent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0115","first-page":"73","article-title":"Fatality risk and the presence of rib fractures","volume":"52","author":"Kent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.315","article-title":"Is there really a \u201cCushion Effect\u201d?: A biomechanical investigation of crash injury mechanisms in the obese","volume":"18","author":"Kent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.07.018","article-title":"Identification and validation of a logistic regression model for predicting serious injuries associated with motor vehicle crashes","volume":"43","author":"Kononen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.270","article-title":"Obesity and non-fatal motor vehicle crash injuries: sex difference effects","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0135","first-page":"51","article-title":"Head injury and aging: the importance of bleeding injuries","volume":"54","author":"Mallory","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00017-3","article-title":"The relationship between body weight and risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"34","author":"Mock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200206000-00015","article-title":"Injury rates among restrained drivers in motor vehicle collisions: the role of body habitus","volume":"52","author":"Moran","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0150","first-page":"141","article-title":"An overview of requirements for the crash protection of older drivers","volume":"46","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Proc. Assoc. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0155","first-page":"165","article-title":"Requirements for the crash protection of older vehicle passengers","volume":"47","author":"Morris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Proc. Assoc. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.139.9.983","article-title":"Obesity is an independent risk factor of mortality in severely injured blunt trauma patients","volume":"139","author":"Neville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.03.010","article-title":"Defining the \u201colder\u201d crash victim: the relationship between age and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"40","author":"Newgard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0170","series-title":"Traffic Safety Facts 2010 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving","author":"NHTSA","year":"2012"},{"issue":"82","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0175","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009\u20132010","author":"Ogden","year":"2012","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0180","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference","article-title":"Age-related differences in AIS 3\u00b1 crash injury risk, types, causation and mechanisms","author":"Ridella","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.07.014","article-title":"Injury risk curves for the skeletal knee-thigh-hip complex for knee-impact loading","volume":"42","author":"Rupp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E88","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20079","article-title":"Effects of BMI on the risk and frequency of AIS 3+ injuries in motor-vehicle crashes","volume":"21","author":"Rupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31802beff9","article-title":"Injury severity and outcome of overweight and obese patients after vehicular trauma: a crash injury research and engineering network (CIREN) study","volume":"64","author":"Ryb","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Trauma-Inj. Infect. Crit. Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580903390649","article-title":"Survival in fatal road crashes: body mass index, gender, and safety belt use","volume":"11","author":"Sivak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0205","series-title":"RESNA Annual Conference","article-title":"A Preliminary study on the effects of obesity on occupant response in frontal impact","author":"Turkovich","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0210","series-title":"World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/7d4bbbc8-en","author":"United Nations","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580701737645","article-title":"Crash injury risks for obese occupants using a matched-pair analysis","volume":"9","author":"Viano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0220","first-page":"545","article-title":"Increased depth of subcutaneous fat is protective against abdominal injuries in motor vehicle collisions","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Proc. Assoc. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3180f61c33","article-title":"Motor vehicle crashes obesity and seat belt use: a deadly combination?","volume":"64","author":"Zarzaur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma-Inj. Infect. Crit. Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000250","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000250","article-title":"BMI and risk of serious upper body injury following motor vehicle crashes: concordance of real-world and computer-simulated observations","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.058156","article-title":"Obesity and risk for death due to motor vehicle crashes","volume":"96","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457514001663?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457514001663?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T23:00:43Z","timestamp":1565650843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457514001663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0001457514001663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparing the effects of age, BMI and gender on severe injury (AIS 3+) in motor-vehicle crashes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}