{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:04:37Z","timestamp":1791547477594,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Relationship of Impaired Driving Enforcement Intensity to Drinking and Driving"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,18]],"date-time":"2014-09-18T12:18:17Z","timestamp":1411042697000},"page":"181-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of enforcement intensity on alcohol impaired driving crashes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"James C.","family":"Fell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha","family":"Waehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Voas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Auld-Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents","volume":"11","author":"Borkenstein","year":"1974","journal-title":"Blutalkohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0010","series-title":"Contrasting Rural and Urban Fatal Crashes 1994\u20132003","author":"Burgess","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0015","series-title":"Statistical Analysis of Alcohol-Related Driving Trends, 1982\u20132005","author":"Dang","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2006.10.007","article-title":"Policing the drunk driver: measuring law enforcement involvement in reducing alcohol-impaired driving","volume":"38","author":"Dula","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580214623","article-title":"Effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints for reducing alcohol-involved crashes","volume":"3","author":"Elder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0030","article-title":"Relationship of impaired driving enforcement intensity to drinking and driving on the roads","author":"Fell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580490465247","article-title":"Sobriety checkpoints: evidence of effectiveness is strong, but use is limited","volume":"5","author":"Fell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0040","series-title":"Evaluation of Seven Publicized Enforcement Programs to Reduce Impaired Driving: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, and Texas","author":"Fell","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0045","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluation of seven publicized enforcement demonstration programs to reduce impaired driving: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and Michigan","volume":"52","author":"Fell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goss, C., Van Bramer, L., Gliner, J., Roberts, I., DiGuiseppi, C., 2008. Increased police patrols for preventing alcohol-impaired driving (review). The Cochrane Collaboration, Cochrane Library, Wiley & Sons, Limited. Issue 4, pp. 1\u201389.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005242.pub2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0055","series-title":"Measuring Community Indicators: A Systems Approach to Drug and Alcohol Problems","author":"Gruenewald","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(85)90039-8","article-title":"Surrogate measures of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes: are conventional indicators adequate?","volume":"16","author":"Heeren","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0065","series-title":"Alcohol and the Community: A Systems Approach to Prevention","author":"Holder","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0070","series-title":"Identifying Demographic, Socioeconomic, Funding and Enforcement Predictors of State-Level Change in Alcohol-Impaired Crashes","author":"Johnson","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0075","series-title":"An Evaluation of Checkpoint Tennessee: Tennessee\u2019s Statewide Sobriety Checkpoint Program","author":"Lacey","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580600696686","article-title":"Low-manpower checkpoints: can they provide effective DUI enforcement for small communities?","volume":"7","author":"Lacey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0085","series-title":"National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers","author":"Lacey","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0090","first-page":"87","article-title":"Underreporting of driver alcohol involvement in United States police and hospital records: capture-recapture estimates","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0095","series-title":"National Accident Sampling System General Estimates System Technical Note, 1988 to 1990","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)","year":"1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580600832661","article-title":"Use and misuse of motor vehicle crash death rates in assessing highway safety performance, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety","volume":"7","author":"O'Neill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.02.030","article-title":"The relationship between blood alcohol concentration, age, and crash risk","volume":"39","author":"Peck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00116-0","article-title":"The effect of random alcohol screening in reducing motor vehicle crash injuries","volume":"16","author":"Peek-Asa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.10.080184.000321","article-title":"Social control through deterrence: drinking-and-driving laws","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00381-6","article-title":"Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving","volume":"21","author":"Shults","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580903277580","article-title":"Homicide rate as a predictor of traffic fatality rate","volume":"10","author":"Sivak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0130","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008. Local area unemployment statistics: information and analysis. http:\/\/www.bls.gov\/LAU (accessed 28.05.08)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0135","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau, n.d. Vintage, 2007. State population datasets. U.S. Census Bureau. http:\/\/www.census.gov\/popest\/data\/historical\/2000s\/vintage_2007\/datasets.html (accessed 15.05.13)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580701218489","article-title":"Impact of primary safety belt laws on alcohol-related front-seat occupant fatalities: five case studies","volume":"8","author":"Voas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.02.004","article-title":"Validity of surrogate measures of alcohol involvement when applied to nonfatal crashes","volume":"41","author":"Voas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acc. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(92)90022-2","article-title":"Enforcing alcohol-impaired driving and seat belt use laws, Binghamton, New York","volume":"23","author":"Wells","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002_bib0155","first-page":"3","article-title":"Costs of alcohol-involved crashes, United States, 2010","volume":"57","author":"Zaloshnja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457514002589?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457514002589?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T00:33:45Z","timestamp":1565829225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457514002589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0001457514002589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of enforcement intensity on alcohol impaired driving crashes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}