{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:53:53Z","timestamp":1793170433057,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01HL091881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HL091881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01DK076608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01DK076608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AG042176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AG042176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T02:01:29Z","timestamp":1441072889000},"page":"99-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multilevel models for evaluating the risk of pedestrian\u2013motor vehicle collisions at intersections and mid-blocks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"D. Alex","family":"Quistberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth E.","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne V.","family":"Moudon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian E.","family":"Saelens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Hurvitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Curtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick P.","family":"Rivara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-43","article-title":"International variation in neighborhood walkability, transit, and recreation environments using geographic information systems: the IPEN adult study","volume":"13","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3141\/2165-03","article-title":"Spatial correlation in multilevel crash frequency models","volume":"2165","author":"Aguero-Valverde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"9521","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68654-6","article-title":"Road-traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global-health problem","volume":"367","author":"Ameratunga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2004.12.001","article-title":"Transport, urban design, and physical activity: an evidence-based update","volume":"10","author":"Badland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(93)90001-D","article-title":"Models for predicting accidents at junctions where pedestrians and cyclists are involved. How well do they fit?","volume":"25","author":"Br\u00fcde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.12.019","article-title":"Left-turn phase: permissive, protected, or both? A quasi-experimental design in New York city","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.05.009","article-title":"Safety countermeasures and crash reduction in New York city \u2013 experience and lessons learned","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.04.012","article-title":"Evaluating pedestrian crashes in areas with high low-income or minority populations","volume":"42","author":"Cottrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.171","article-title":"Multilevel analysis in public health research","volume":"21","author":"Diez-Roux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000222","article-title":"Small-area spatiotemporal analysis of pedestrian and bicyclist injuries in New York city","volume":"26","author":"Dimaggio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2014.05.006","article-title":"Examining signalized intersection crash frequency using multivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression","volume":"70","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.04.009","article-title":"The non-linearity of risk and the promotion of environmentally sustainable transport","volume":"41","author":"Elvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.05.011","article-title":"Factors influencing safety in a sample of marked pedestrian crossings selected for safety inspections in the city of Oslo","volume":"59","author":"Elvik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.9.1541","article-title":"Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities","volume":"93","author":"Ewing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980601184729","article-title":"Does residential density increase walking and other physical activity?","volume":"44","author":"Forsyth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.11.001","article-title":"Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form \u2013 findings from SMARTRAQ","volume":"28","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"2 (Suppl. 2)","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0085","first-page":"117","article-title":"Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ","volume":"28","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Active Living Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1198\/004017005000000661","article-title":"Multilevel (hierarchical) modeling: what it can and cannot do","volume":"48","author":"Gelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0095","series-title":"Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications: The DEM Users Manual","first-page":"99","article-title":"The national elevation dataset","author":"Gesch","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0100","first-page":"5","article-title":"The national elevation dataset","volume":"68","author":"Gesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogram. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"2318","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3141\/2318-08","article-title":"Exploring traffic safety and urban form in Portland, Oregon","author":"Gladhill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00475-0","article-title":"How the built environment affects physical activity \u2013 views from urban planning","volume":"23","author":"Handy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0115","series-title":"Pedestrian Safety Prediction Methodology: Final Report for NCHRP Project 17-26","author":"Harwood","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3141\/1674-02","article-title":"Site design and pedestrian travel","volume":"1674","author":"Hess","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.013","article-title":"Speed limit reduction in urban areas: a before\u2013after study using Bayesian generalized mixed linear models","volume":"73","author":"Heydari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.09.007","article-title":"Discrete land uses and transportation walking in two U.S. cities: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Hirsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00002","article-title":"Emerging technologies for assessing physical activity behaviors in space and time","volume":"2","author":"Hurvitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.981191","article-title":"Split-match-aggregate (SMA) algorithm: integrating sidewalk data with transportation network data in GIS","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inform. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3141\/1953-07","article-title":"Influence of land use, population, employment, and economic activity on accidents","volume":"1953","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu171","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of the influence of the neighborhood built environment on walking for transportation: the reside study","volume":"180","author":"Knuiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.17.2136","article-title":"Crosswalk markings and the risk of pedestrian\u2013motor vehicle collisions in older pedestrians","volume":"288","author":"Koepsell","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.09.007","article-title":"Relative fatality risk curve to describe the effect of change in the impact speed on fatality risk of pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle","volume":"62","author":"Kr\u00f6yer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00043-4","article-title":"Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow. A case study based on data from signalized intersections in Hamilton, Ontario","volume":"34","author":"Leden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.09.012","article-title":"Safe pedestrian crossings for children and elderly","volume":"38","author":"Leden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.03.019","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of vehicle\u2013pedestrian crashes, at intersections in Florida","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.03.015","article-title":"The choice of statistical models in road safety countermeasure effectiveness studies in Iowa","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.7.2.155","article-title":"A geographic analysis of motor vehicle collisions with child pedestrians in Long Beach, California: comparing intersection and midblock incident locations","volume":"7","author":"Lightstone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0190","first-page":"291","article-title":"The statistical analysis of crash-frequency data: a review and assessment of methodological alternatives","volume":"44","author":"Lord","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3141\/1818-16","article-title":"Pedestrian collision prediction models for urban intersections","volume":"1818","author":"Lyon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"2 (Suppl.)","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.05.018","article-title":"Interdisciplinarity and systems science to improve population health: a view from the NIH office of behavioral and social sciences research","volume":"35","author":"Mabry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2002.05.001","article-title":"Bayesian spatial and ecological models for small-area accident and injury analysis","volume":"36","author":"Macnab","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amar.2013.09.001","article-title":"Analytic methods in accident research: methodological frontier and future directions","volume":"1","author":"Mannering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res."},{"issue":"4 (Suppl.)","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.01.011","article-title":"Work group II: using geographic information systems for enhancing research relevant to policy on diet, physical activity, and weight","volume":"36","author":"Matthews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.03.012","article-title":"Bayesian ranking of sites for engineering safety improvements: decision parameter, treatability concept, statistical criterion, and spatial dependence","volume":"37","author":"Miaou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3141\/2264-09","article-title":"Modeling of pedestrian activity at signalized intersections","volume":"2264","author":"Miranda-Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.02.005","article-title":"The link between built environment, pedestrian activity and pedestrian\u2013vehicle collision occurrence at signalized intersections","volume":"43","author":"Miranda-Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2073","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3141\/2073-10","article-title":"Marked-crosswalk dilemma uncovering some missing links in a 35-year debate","author":"Mitman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.013326","article-title":"From targeted \u201cblack spots\u201d to area-wide pedestrian safety","volume":"12","author":"Morency","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300528","article-title":"Neighborhood social inequalities in road traffic injuries: the influence of traffic volume and road design","volume":"102","author":"Morency","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62180-2","article-title":"Walking to improve cardiovascular health: a meta-analysis of randomised control trials","volume":"384","author":"Murtagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2013.07.004","article-title":"On accommodating spatial dependence in bicycle and pedestrian injury counts by severity level","volume":"55","author":"Narayanamoorthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B: Methodol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00049-3","article-title":"Crash reductions related to traffic signal removal in Philadelphia","volume":"29","author":"Persaud","year":"1997","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3141\/2393-11","article-title":"Effect of left-turn operational mode on pedestrian safety","volume":"2393","author":"Pratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.12.001","article-title":"New methods to identify and rank high pedestrian crash zones: an illustration","volume":"39","author":"Pulugurtha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2014.930830","article-title":"The walking environment in Lima, Peru and pedestrian\u2013motor vehicle collisions: an exploratory analysis","volume":"16","author":"Quistberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040717","article-title":"The impact of pedestrian countdown signals on pedestrian\u2013motor vehicle collisions: a reanalysis of data from a quasi-experimental study","volume":"20","author":"Richmond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.04.003","article-title":"Literature review of pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed","volume":"43","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2317","article-title":"Motor vehicle\u2013pedestrian collisions and walking to school: the role of the built environment","volume":"133","author":"Rothman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.09.034","article-title":"Using Google street view to audit neighborhood environments","volume":"40","author":"Rundle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"9831","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60435-8","article-title":"Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century","volume":"379","author":"Rydin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0325","series-title":"Summary of Travel Trends: 2009 National Household Travel Survey","author":"Santos","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.008","article-title":"Safety propensity index for signalized and unsignalized intersections: exploration and assessment","volume":"71","author":"Schorr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-233","article-title":"Pedestrian injury and the built environment: an environmental scan of hotspots","volume":"9","author":"Schuurman","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2102","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3141\/2102-14","article-title":"Analysis of transit safety at signalized intersections in Toronto, Ontario, Canada","author":"Shahla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(02)00017-6","article-title":"Modeling crashes involving pedestrians and motorized traffic","volume":"41","author":"Shankar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0350","first-page":"47","article-title":"One-way streets provide superior safety and convenience","author":"Stemley","year":"1998","journal-title":"ITE J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.015","article-title":"Multimodal injury risk analysis of road users at signalized and non-signalized intersections","volume":"71","author":"Strauss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.07.022","article-title":"Impact speed and a pedestrian's risk of severe injury or death","volume":"50","author":"Tefft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2011.09.012","article-title":"The role of built environment on pedestrian crash frequency","volume":"50","author":"Ukkusuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3141\/2264-06","article-title":"Effectiveness of signal-based countermeasures for pedestrian safety","volume":"2264","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013000773","article-title":"Characterizing the food environment: pitfalls and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Vernez Moudon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3141\/1578-07","article-title":"Effects of site design on pedestrian travel in mixed-use, medium-density environments","volume":"1578","author":"Vernez Moudon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.12.008","article-title":"The risk of pedestrian injury and fatality in collisions with motor vehicles, a social ecological study of state routes and city streets in King County, Washington","volume":"43","author":"Vernez Moudon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/15568311003624262","article-title":"Transportation-efficient land use mapping index (TELUMI), a tool to assess multimodal transportation options in metropolitan regions","volume":"5","author":"Vernez Moudon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404272","article-title":"Are child pedestrians at increased risk of injury on one-way compared to two-way streets?","volume":"91","author":"Wazana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013_bib0380","series-title":"Safety Effects of Marked Versus Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations: Final Report and Recommended Guidelines","first-page":"114","author":"Zegeer","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457515300464?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457515300464?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T16:43:42Z","timestamp":1599497022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457515300464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0001457515300464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multilevel models for evaluating the risk of pedestrian\u2013motor vehicle collisions at intersections and mid-blocks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}