{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T18:46:09Z","timestamp":1788633969617,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,29]],"date-time":"2017-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009950","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1C1B1008492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1C1B1008492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T10:45:51Z","timestamp":1499165151000},"page":"305-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cross-classified multilevel models for severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes considering heterogeneity among companies and regions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Ho-Chul","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Young","family":"Kho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Y.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.03.015","article-title":"Modelling sources of variation and risk factors for spinal deformity in farmed atlantic salmon using hierarchical and cross-Classified multilevel models","volume":"90","author":"Aunsmo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00072-0","article-title":"The independent contribution of driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics to driver fatalities","volume":"34","author":"B\u00e9dard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0015","series-title":"Results from the buses involved in fatal accidents survey.","article-title":"Bus operator types and driver factors in fatal bus crashes","author":"Blower","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.015","article-title":"Factors affecting the severity of work related traffic crashes in drivers receiving a worker\u2019s compensation claim","volume":"41","author":"Boufous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2009.08.011","article-title":"A driver focused truck crash prediction model","volume":"46","author":"Cantor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E: Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.06.017","article-title":"Analysis of driver injury severity in truck-involved accidents using a non-parametric classification tree model","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0035","series-title":"FHWA, U.S Department of Transportation","article-title":"Accounting for commercial vehicles in urban transportation models","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.12.001","article-title":"Using cross-classified multilevel models to disentangle school and neighborhood effects: An example focusing on smoking behaviors among adolescents in the United States","volume":"31","author":"Dunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.10.011","article-title":"Risk and protection factors in fatal accidents","volume":"42","author":"Dupont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.04.035","article-title":"Multilevel analysis in road safety research","volume":"60","author":"Dupont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00075-6","article-title":"The effect on accidents of technical inspections of heavy vehicles in Norway","volume":"34","author":"Elvik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0060","series-title":"Commercial Motor Vehicle Facts","author":"FMCSA","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.07.005","article-title":"Modeling signalized intersection safety with corridor-level spatial correlations","volume":"42","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(00)00030-0","article-title":"Fatal traffic accidents among trailer truck drivers and accident causes as viewed by other truck drivers","volume":"33","author":"H\u00e4kk\u00e4nen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.04.002","article-title":"Severity of driver injury and vehicle damage in traffic crashes at intersections: A Bayesian hierarchical analysis","volume":"40","author":"Helai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.013","article-title":"Multilevel data and bayesian analysis in traffic safety","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid.t Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.02.014","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of single- and multi-vehicle large truck at-fault crashes on rural and urban roadways in alabama","volume":"67","author":"Islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-011-9157-3","article-title":"Cross-classified multilevel models: An application to the criminal case processing of indicted terrorists","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00086-0","article-title":"The use of multilevel models for the prediction of road accident outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3141\/2281-15","article-title":"Effects of hours of service and driving patterns on motor carrier crashes","volume":"2281","author":"Jovanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.04.009","article-title":"Differences in rural and urban driver-injury severities in accidents involving large-trucks: An exploratory analysis","volume":"37","author":"Khorashadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.06.011","article-title":"Modeling crash outcome probabilities at rural intersections: Application of hierarchical binomial logistic models","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0115","series-title":"Introducing Multilevel Modeling","author":"Kreft","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0120","series-title":"Applied Linear Regression Models","author":"Kutner","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.09.006","article-title":"Analysis of large truck crash severity using heteroskedastic ordered probit models","volume":"43","author":"Lemp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.06.021","article-title":"Modelling the hierarchical structure of road crash data\u2014Application to severity analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lenguerrnad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/21577323.2013.852145","article-title":"Factors contributing to driving safety in the trucking industry","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IIE Trans. Occup. Ergon. Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0140","first-page":"10","article-title":"Relationship between truck accidents and highway geometric design: A poisson regression approach","volume":"1376","author":"Miaou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2005.09.004","article-title":"County level socioeconomic position, work organization and depression disorder: A repeated measures cross-classified multilevel analysis of low-Income nursing home","volume":"12","author":"Muntaner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0150","series-title":"Predicting Truck Crash Involvement: Developing a Commercial Driver Behavior-Based Model and Recommended Countermeasures","author":"Murray","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(96)00050-4","article-title":"Predicting the severity of motor vehicle accident injuries using models of ordered multiple choice","volume":"28","author":"O'Donnell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105192200121","article-title":"Safety implications of multiday driving schedules for truck drivers: A comparison of field experiments and crash data analysis","volume":"1992","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3141\/2514-16","article-title":"Effects of geodemographic profiles of drivers on their injury severity from traffic crashes using multilevel mixed-effects ordered logit model","volume":"2514","author":"Quddus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0170","series-title":"Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling (HLM7)","author":"Raudenbush","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(00)00025-7","article-title":"Road accidents in Slovenia involving a pedestrian, cyclist or motorcyclist and a car","volume":"33","author":"Simon\u010di\u010d","year":"2001","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-985X.00262","article-title":"Estimation of a large cross[HYPHEN]classified multilevel model to study academic achievement in a modular degree course","volume":"166","author":"Simonite","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0185","series-title":"Definition of a Commercial Motor Vehicle","author":"U.S. Department of Transportation","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/10835547.2007.12091980","article-title":"Neighborhood affluence, school-Achievement scores, and housing prices: Cross-classified hierarchies and HLM","volume":"16","author":"Uyar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hous. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.10.003","article-title":"Corridor-level signalized intersection safety analysis in Shanghai, China using Bayesian hierarchical models","volume":"50","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0200","first-page":"14","article-title":"Commercial bus accident characteristics and roadway treatments","volume":"1467","author":"Zegeer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.07.007","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of factors influencing the injury severity of large-truck crashes","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457517302233?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457517302233?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T14:06:03Z","timestamp":1602425163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457517302233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0001457517302233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cross-classified multilevel models for severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes considering heterogeneity among companies and regions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2017.06.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}