{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T03:54:38Z","timestamp":1782014078104,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T06:17:21Z","timestamp":1598595441000},"page":"105740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of subsidized ridesharing as a drunk driving intervention in Columbus, OH"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Ted R.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Courser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4125-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Shamblen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6617-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James E.","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-8153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Scott","family":"Tippetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Ringwalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0005","series-title":"The economic and societal impact of motor vehicle crashes, 2010 (Revised)","author":"Blincoe","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2009.07.002","article-title":"The Long Beach\/Fort Lauderdale relative risk study","volume":"40","author":"Blomberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww062","article-title":"Uber and metropolitan traffic fatalities in the United States","volume":"184","author":"Brazil","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0020","first-page":"101","article-title":"Adapting the SafeNights intervention to college campuses","volume":"28","author":"Brooks","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0025","series-title":"Ridesharing, moral hazards, and alcohol consumption","author":"Burgdorf","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0030","series-title":"Trends in underage drinking in the United States, 1991-2015, Surveillance Report #107)","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.277","article-title":"Attribution of alcohol to violence-related injury: self and other\u2019s drinking in the event","volume":"73","author":"Cherpitel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0040","series-title":"Alternative transportation programs: A countermeasure for reducing impaired driving: (DOT HS 811 188)","author":"Decina","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.15288\/jsads.2014.s17.108","article-title":"Case closed: Research evidence on the positive public health impact of the age 21 minimum legal drinking age in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Dejong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs Supplement"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/07448489909595640","article-title":"The use of designated drivers by US college students: A national study","volume":"47","author":"Dejong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12255","article-title":"Ride\u2010sharing, fatal crashes, and crime","volume":"84","author":"Dills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Southern Economic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0060","series-title":"Involvement by young drivers in fatal alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes - United States","first-page":"1089","author":"Elder","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0065","first-page":"1","article-title":"Underutilized strategies in traffic safety: Results of a nationally representative survey","volume":"2019","author":"Fell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention, Special Issue: AAAM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0070","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22th Conference of the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS)","article-title":"Alcohol and other drug involvement in drivers in the United States: 1982-2016","author":"Fell","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.249","article-title":"Assessing the impact of twenty underage drinking laws","volume":"77","author":"Fell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0080","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluation of seven publicized enforcement demonstration programs to reduce impaired driving: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and Michigan","volume":"52","author":"Fell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2010.488274","article-title":"Drinking characteristics of drivers arrested for driving while intoxicated in two police jurisdictions","volume":"11","author":"Fell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0090","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Alcohol Collaborators, 2018. Alcohol use and burden: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016","volume":"392","author":"Gbd","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10159","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0095","first-page":"1859","volume":"392","author":"Gbd","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0533-4","article-title":"Disclosure of sensitive behaviors across self-administered survey modes: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Gnambs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0105","series-title":"Countermeasures that work: A highway safety countermeasures guide for State Highway Offices. (DOT HS 811 727","author":"Goodwin","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0110","series-title":"How CBO prepares cost estimates","author":"Gullo","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(01)00085-2","article-title":"Do drivers drink more when they use a safe ride?","volume":"13","author":"Harding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(85)90039-8","article-title":"Surrogate measures of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes: Are conventional indicators adequate?","volume":"16","author":"Heeren","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X04273255","article-title":"The sidewalk survey: A field methodology to measure late-night college drinking","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evaluation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0130","series-title":"Evaluation of a full-time ride service program: Aspen, Colorado\u2019s tipsy taxi service. (DOT HS 809 155)","author":"Lacey","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0135","series-title":"2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers: Alcohol results","author":"Lacey","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990500479597","article-title":"Drivers within natural drinking groups: An exploration of role selection, motivation, and group influence on driver sobriety","volume":"32","author":"Lange","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.261","article-title":"The efficacy of experimental interventions designed to reduce drinking among designated drivers","volume":"67","author":"Lange","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol"},{"issue":"4S","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00383-X","article-title":"The effectiveness review trials of Hercules and some economic estimates for the stables","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0155","article-title":"Incidence and costs of personal and property crimes in the United States, 2017","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0160","series-title":"Injury Prevention for Children and Adolescents: Research, Practice, and Advocacy","first-page":"21","article-title":"The cost of child and adolescent injuries and the savings from prevention","author":"Miller","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0165","series-title":"Substance abuse prevention dollars and cents: A cost-benefit analysis","author":"Miller","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0170","series-title":"Injury research: Theories, methods and approaches","first-page":"641","article-title":"Economic evaluation of injury prevention and control programs","author":"Miller","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0175","series-title":"Public health Law Research: Theory and Methods","first-page":"347","article-title":"Economic evaluation of public health laws and their enforcement","author":"Miller","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200006000-00003","article-title":"Cost-outcome analysis in injury prevention and control: Eighty-four recent estimates for the United States","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2019.100458","article-title":"Design and outcome measures for the AB InBev Global Smart Drinking Goals Evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01593.x","article-title":"Hospital-admitted injury attributable to alcohol","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00008-1","article-title":"How intoxicated are drivers in the United States? Estimating the extent, risks, and costs per kilometer of driving by blood alcohol level","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0200","series-title":"Assessment of year-round and holiday ride service programs. (DOT HS 808 203)","author":"Molof","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0205","series-title":"Guidance on treatment of the economic value of a statistical life (VSL) in U.S. Department of Transportation analyses - 2016 adjustment","author":"Moran","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx233","article-title":"Ridesharing and motor vehicle crashes in 4 US cities: An interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"187","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0215","series-title":"Alcohol-impaired driving","author":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0220","series-title":"2013-2014 National Roadside Survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers: Alcohol results","author":"Ramirez","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.015032","article-title":"Drinking behaviors in young adults: The potential role of designated driver and safe ride home programs","volume":"13","author":"Rivara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0230","series-title":"Guidelines for regulatory impact analysis: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation","author":"Robinson","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.05.010","article-title":"Reducing alcohol-impaired driving crashes through the use of social marketing","volume":"38","author":"Rothschild","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0240","series-title":"Summary of travel trends: 2009 National Household Travel Survey. (FHWA-PL-ll-022)","author":"Santos","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1508836","article-title":"Effectiveness of lowering the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving from 0.10 to 0.08 grams per deciliter in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Scherer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00381-6","article-title":"Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving","volume":"21","author":"Shults","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.02.006","article-title":"A meta-analysis of .08 BAC laws in 19 jurisdictions in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Tippetts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0260","series-title":"What value of statistical life does EPA use?","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00038-6","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of minimum legal drinking age and zero tolerance laws in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Voas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0270","first-page":"3","article-title":"Costs of alcohol-involved crashes, United States, 2010","volume":"57","author":"Zaloshnja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2014-041485","article-title":"Economics of alcohol-involved traffic crashes in the USA: An input-output analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zaloshnja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457520315608?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457520315608?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:18:03Z","timestamp":1757546283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457520315608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0001457520315608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of subsidized ridesharing as a drunk driving intervention in Columbus, OH","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105740","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105740"}}