{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:32:44Z","timestamp":1791930764946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016993","name":"Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T18:59:59Z","timestamp":1622141999000},"page":"106201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Traffic conflicts involving speed-pedelecs (fast electric bicycles): A naturalistic riding study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"158","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-0879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem","family":"Vlakveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celina","family":"Mons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kas","family":"Kamphuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Stelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divera","family":"Twisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.07.004","article-title":"Driving speed and the risk of road crashes: a review","volume":"38","author":"Aarts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0010","series-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","first-page":"48","author":"Bates","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0015","series-title":"The 100-car Naturalistic Driving Study, Phase II - Results of the 100-car Field Experiment (DOT HS 810 593)","author":"Dingus","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"What is the relation between crashes from crash databases and near crashes from naturalistic data?","author":"Dozza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Saf. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.04.001","article-title":"Introducing naturalistic cycling data: What factors influence bicyclists\u2019 safety in the real world?","volume":"24","author":"Dozza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.04.003","article-title":"Using naturalistic data to assess e-cyclist behavior","volume":"41","author":"Dozza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2307\/2531743","article-title":"Power calculations for matched case-control studies","volume":"44","author":"Dupont","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0040","series-title":"Regulation No 168\/2013; on the Approval and Market Surveillance of Two- or Three-wheel Vehicles and Quadricycles","author":"European Union","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0045","series-title":"Rules & Regulations on Electric Cycles in European Union","author":"European Union","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105758","article-title":"Risk factors for unsafe events involving a motor vehicle for group riders (cyclists): a naturalistic case-crossover study","volume":"146","author":"Fraser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0055","series-title":"Modeling 100-Car Safety Events: A Case-Based Approach for Analyzing Naturalistic Driving Data (Report No. 09-UT-006)","author":"Guo","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3141\/2147-09","article-title":"Near crashes as crash surrogate for naturalistic driving studies","volume":"2147","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.07.001","article-title":"E-bike safety: individual-level factors and incident characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Haustein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009786","article-title":"Factors influencing the optimal control-to-Case ratio in matched case-control studies","volume":"149","author":"Hennessy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.04.021","article-title":"Characteristics of single-vehicle crashes with e-bikes in Switzerland","volume":"117","author":"Hertach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0080","series-title":"De Speed-pedelec in Nederland; Beleidsnota Van De Kopgroep","author":"Kopgroep","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0085","series-title":"Safety Aspects of High-speed Pedelecs","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0090","series-title":"Aantal Geregisteerde Elektrische Voertuigen in Nedeland","author":"Nederland elektrisch","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.06.010","article-title":"Traffic conflicts and their contextual factors when riding conventional vs. Electric bicycles","author":"Petzoldt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2015.07.021","article-title":"Drivers\u2019 gap acceptance in front of approaching bicycles \u2013 effects of bicycle speed and bicycle type","volume":"92","author":"Petzoldt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.11.018","article-title":"Observations of truck-bicycle encounters: A case study of conflicts and behaviour in Trondheim, Norway","volume":"60","author":"Pokorny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0110","series-title":"Feiten En Cujfers Fietsen 2018 (facts and Figures Bicycles 2018)","author":"RAI","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(98)00007-4","article-title":"Attention and expectation problems in bicycle-car collisions: an in-depth study","volume":"30","author":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.09.004","article-title":"How does a modal shift from short car trips to cycling affect road safety?","volume":"50","author":"Schepers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.010","article-title":"The safety of electrically assisted bicycles compared to classic bicycles","volume":"73","author":"Schepers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2015.06.005","article-title":"The Dutch road to a high level of cycling safety","volume":"92","author":"Schepers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2015.07.027","article-title":"The German Naturalistic Cycling Study \u2013 comparing cycling speed of riders of different e-bikes and conventional bicycles","volume":"92","author":"Schleinitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr440","article-title":"Do Elevated Gravitational-Force Events While Driving Predict Crashes and Near Crashes?","volume":"175","author":"Simons-Morton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0145","unstructured":"Stelling, A., Vlakveld, W., & Twisk, D. A. M. (in preparation). Speed pedelec riders\u2019compliance with regulations, speed choise, traffic flow and percieved safety: A naturalistic riding study in an urban setting. Manuscript in preparation."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00041-0","article-title":"Bicycle accidents and drivers\u2019 visual search at left and right turns","volume":"28","author":"Summala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0155","series-title":"Paper Presented at the 6th ITE International Conference Road Safety & Traffic Enforcement: Beyond 2000","article-title":"Vision zero - an ethical approach to safety and mobility","author":"Tingvall","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105940","article-title":"Speed characteristics of speed pedelecs, pedelecs and conventional bicycles in naturalistic urban and rural traffic conditions","volume":"150","author":"Twisk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0165","series-title":"Een multi-dimensionale segmentatie van speed pedelec-gebruikers in Nederland. (Master thesis)","article-title":"De speed pedelec: wie zijn de gebruikers?","author":"van der Salm","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.10.018","article-title":"Speed choice and mental workload of elderly cyclists on e-bikes in simple and complex traffic situations: a field experiment","volume":"74","author":"Vlakveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201_bib0175","series-title":"Analyse Van Videobeelden Opgenomen Tijdens Ritten in Het Dagelijks Verkeer (R-2019-17)","article-title":"Verkeersconflicten met speed-pedelecs","author":"Vlakveld","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457521002323?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457521002323?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:21:11Z","timestamp":1757546471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457521002323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0001457521002323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Traffic conflicts involving speed-pedelecs (fast electric bicycles): A naturalistic riding study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106201","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106201"}}