{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T19:10:23Z","timestamp":1771009823440,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T13:34:49Z","timestamp":1636464889000},"page":"106463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Motorcyclist injuries: Analysis of German in-depth crash data to identify priorities for injury assessment and prevention"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Fritjof","family":"Gidion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolyon","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Lubbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0005","unstructured":"Angamuthu, S.K., Sajeev, K.J., 2018. An In-depth Study of Injury Risks due to Cargo Bay Protrusions to Motorised Two-Wheeler Riders. 2018 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI Asia, Lonvala (India)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0010","unstructured":"Aranda-Marco, R., Peldschus, S., Wei, W., 2019. D. 2.3 Improved numerical human body models (Deliverable 2.3; Protective Innovations of New Equipment for Enhanced Rider Safety). http:\/\/pioneers-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Deliverable-D2.3.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0015","unstructured":"Aranda-Marco, R., Wei, W., Serre, T., S\u00e1nchez, P., Soriano, E., Peldschus, S., 2020. Limitations of the Standard Test Procedure for Assessing the Protection of Motorcyclist Airbag Jackets in a Realistic Impact Scenario. 2020 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Munich (Germany)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0020","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 2018. The abbreviated Injury Scale\u20142015 Revision. http:\/\/www.aaam.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.10.009","article-title":"The rising burden of serious thoracic trauma sustained by motorcyclists in road traffic crashes","volume":"62","author":"Bambach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0030","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rklund, M., Risberg, J., Laudon, O., Jakobsson, L., 2020. Development of a Hand and Forearm Impact Test Method and a Study on Influencing Factors. 2020 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Munich (Germany)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0035","unstructured":"Chinn, B., Canaple, B., Derler, S., Doyle, D., Otte, D., Schuller, E., Willinger, R., 2001. COST 327 Motorcycle Safety Helmets. European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transport\/road_safety\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/projects_sources\/cost327_final_report.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0040","series-title":"Evaluation of the Thoracic Deflection Measurement System \u2018Ribeye\u2019 in the Hybrid III 50% in Frontal Sled Tests","first-page":"11","author":"Eggers","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0045","article-title":"EU project MOSAFIM - Motorcyclists road safety Improvement through better behaviour of the equipment and first aid devices [Final Technical Implementation Report]","author":"European Commission","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Commission."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0050","series-title":"Traffic Safety Basic Facts on Motorcycles & Mopeds","author":"European Commission","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0055","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2012). Road restraint systems\u2014Part 8: Motorcycle restraint systems which reduce the impact severity of motorcyclist collisions with safety barriers. CEN."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0060","unstructured":"European Parliament, Council of the European Union, 2002. Directive 2002\/24\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheel motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92\/61\/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A32002L0024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0065","unstructured":"European Parliament, Council of the European Union, 2007. Directive 2007\/46\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 September 2007 establishing a framework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles. Official Journal of the European Communities. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:32007L0046."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02703-w","article-title":"Ranking and rating bicycle helmet safety performance in oblique impacts using eight different brain injury models","volume":"49","author":"Fahlstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0075","unstructured":"Forman, J., Kent, R., Mroz, K., Pipkorn, B., Bostrom, O., Segui-Gomez, M., 2012. Predicting Rib Fracture Risk with Whole-Body Finite Element Models: Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Probabilistic Analytical Framework. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Scientific Conference, 56, 109\u2013124."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1630825","article-title":"Automobile injury trends in the contemporary fleet: Belted occupants in frontal collisions","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0085","unstructured":"Fredriksson, R., Sui, B., 2015. Fatal Powered Two\u2010Wheeler (PTW) crashes in Germany \u2013 an in\u2010depth study of the events, injuries and injury sources. 2015 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Lyon (France)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0090","unstructured":"Govardhan, R., Soni, J., Erande, S., Nair, S., Patel, M., 2018. Characteristics of Crashes between Motorised Two Wheelers and Passenger Cars in India. 2018 IRCOBI Asia Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Lonavala (India)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.10.031","article-title":"Powered two wheelers in a changing world\u2014Challenges and opportunities","volume":"44","author":"Haworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0100","unstructured":"Haworth, N., Australia, Federal Office of Road Safety, Monash University, & Accident Research Centre, 1997. Case-control study of motorcycle crashes. Federal Office of Road Safety. http:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/api\/volumes\/oclc\/39114459.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0105","unstructured":"Hurt, H.H., Ouellet, J.V., Thom, D.R., 1981. Motorcycle accident cause factors and identification of countermeasures. Volume 1: Technical report (dot:6450). 81\u20131. https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/6450."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0110","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, 2005. Motorcycles\u2014Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles\u2014Part 3: Motorcyclist anthropometric impact dummy (ISO Standard No. 13232-3:2005)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0115","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, 2013. Road vehicles\u2014Injury risk curves for the evaluation of occupant protection in side impact tests (ISO\/TR 12350:2013). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/cms\/render\/live\/en\/sites\/isoorg\/contents\/data\/standard\/05\/58\/55888.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103742","article-title":"Generic finite element models of human ribs, developed and validated for stiffness and strain prediction \u2013 To be used in rib fracture risk evaluation for the human population in vehicle crashes","volume":"106","author":"Iraeus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0125","first-page":"267","article-title":"The utility of hybrid III and THOR chest deflection for discriminating between standard and force-limiting belt systems","volume":"47","author":"Kent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0130","article-title":"Optimized protective clothing for motorcyclists","volume":"(No. 91;","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compact Accident Research)"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1610171","article-title":"The potential of vehicle and road infrastructure interventions in fatal bicyclist accidents on Swedish roads\u2014What can in-depth studies tell us?","volume":"20","author":"Kullgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0140","unstructured":"Lebarbe, M., Petitjean, A., Baudrit, P., Lafont, D., 2014. Protection of armored vehicle occupants \u2013 Towards a new shoulder injury criterion adapted to the dynamics of lateral IED blasts. Proceedings of the Personal Armour Systems Symposium 2014. PASS, Cambridge (United Kingdom)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0145","series-title":"IRCOBI Conference Proceedings","author":"Maier","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0150","unstructured":"Mellor, A., St Clair, V., 2005. Advanced Motorcycle Helmets. Proceedings 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Article 05\u20130329. ESV, Washington D.C. (USA). https:\/\/trid.trb.org\/view\/815216."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1136061","article-title":"Motorcycle fuel tanks and pelvic fractures: A motorcycle fuel tank syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Meredith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0160","unstructured":"Mroz, K., Bostr\u00f6m, O., Pipkorn, B., Wismans, J., Brolin, K., 2010. Comparison of Hybrid III and Human Body Models in Evaluating Thoracic Response for Various Seat Belt and Airbag Loading Conditions. 2010 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Hanover (Germany)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0165","series-title":"Overview of motor vehicle crashes in 2019 (DOT HS 813 060: Traffic Safety Facts Research Note)","author":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0170","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1986. Occupant Crash Protection and Automatic Restraint Phase-In Reporting\u201449 CFR Parts 571 and 585 (Federal Register, Rules and Regulations Vol. 51, No 201). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-1986-10-17\/pdf\/FR-1986-10-17.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0175","unstructured":"Otte, D., 1994. Biomechanics of Impacts to the Legs of Motorcyclists and constructional Demands for Leg Protectors on the Motorcycle. 1994 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Lyon (France)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otte, D., Facius, T., Wiese, B., 2015. Accident Characteristics and Influence Parameters of Severe Motorcycle Accidents in Germany. 2015-01\u20131466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2015-01-1466.","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-01-1466"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0185","unstructured":"Painter, M.S., Sonawane, S.B., Patel, M., 2018. Injuries Sustained by Riders & Pillions of Motorized Two Wheelers in India. 2018 IRCOBI Asia Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Lonavala (India)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0190","unstructured":"Peldschus, S., Schuller, E., Koenig, J., Gaertner, M., Ruiz, D.G., Mansilla, A., 2007. Technical Bases for the Development of a Test Standard for Impacts of Powered Two-Wheelers on Roadside Barriers. Proceedings 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. ESV, Lyon (France)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0195","first-page":"27","article-title":"Laboratory Reconstructions of Real World Frontal Crash Configurations using the Hybrid III and THOR Dummies and PMHS","volume":"46","author":"Petitjean","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0200","unstructured":"Pipkorn, B., Iraeus, J., Bj\u00f6rklund, M., Bunketorp, O., Jakobsson, L., 2019. Multi-Scale Validation of a Rib Fracture Prediction Method for Human Body Models. 2019 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings, 2019, 175\u2013192."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105443","article-title":"Occupant injuries in light passenger vehicles\u2014A NASS study to enable priorities for development of injury prediction capabilities of human body models","volume":"138","author":"Pipkorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0210","unstructured":"Ramet, M., Cesari, D., Dedoyan, A., 1981. Two Wheelers Accidents\u2014Injury mechanisms and means of prevention. 1981 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Salon de Provence (France)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0215","unstructured":"Rizzi, M., 2016. Towards a safe system approach to prevent health loss among motorcyclists: The importance of motorcycle stability as a condition for integrated safety [PhD, Chalmers University of Technology]. https:\/\/publications.lib.chalmers.se\/records\/fulltext\/235886\/235886.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0220","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), 2020. Verkehrsunf\u00e4lle\u2014Fachserie 8 Reihe 7 -2019 (Road Traffic Crashes 2019) (Fachserie 8 Reihe 7). Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Gesellschaft-Umwelt\/Verkehrsunfaelle\/Publikationen\/Downloads-Verkehrsunfaelle\/verkehrsunfaelle-jahr-2080700197004.pdf;jsessionid=133F3F62BB0DB3F3C3EB29AD14D59E0B.live741?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0225","unstructured":"Tadokoro, H., Fukuda, S., Miyazaki, K., 1985. A Study of Motorcycle Leg Protection (SAE Technical Paper No. 856126). SAE International. https:\/\/www.sae.org\/publications\/technical-papers\/content\/856126\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0230","unstructured":"Thomas, P., Lerner, M., Niesen, S., Welsh, R., Commandeur, J. J. F., Aarts, L. T., Davidse, R. J., Bos, N., European Commission, & Directorate General for Mobility and Transport. (2016). Study on serious road traffic injuries in the EU. Publications Office. http:\/\/dx.publications.europa.eu\/10.2832\/29647."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0235","unstructured":"Unger, T., Liers, H., Schuster, R., Kleber, C., 2020. Impact of the New Diagnostic Dictionary (AIS 2015) for Traffic Accident Research. 2020 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Munich (Germany)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2015.11.016","article-title":"The European New Car Assessment Programme: A historical review","volume":"19","author":"van Ratingen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0245","article-title":"A Survey of Motorcycle Accidents (TRRL LR913 Monograph, HS-030 084)","author":"Whitaker","year":"1980","journal-title":"Transport Research Laboratory."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0250","unstructured":"Whyte, T., Koudounas, V., Xausa, S., Cernicchi, A., Kent, N., Brown, J., 2020. A Physical Test Method to Evaluate Pelvis Protection for Motorcyclists. 2020 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. IRCOBI, Munich (Germany)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0255","unstructured":"Wisch, M., Breunig, S., Piantini, S., Schick, S., Whyte, T., Brown, J., Canu, A., Perrin, C., Serre, T., Perera, N., Mart\u00ednez, E., Tobar, M., Ferrer, A., & Pieve, M. (2019). D1.1 Powered Two-Wheelers \u2013 Road Traffic Accident Scenarios and Common Injuries (Deliverable 1.1; Protective Innovations of New Equipment for Enhanced Rider Safety). http:\/\/pioneers-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Deliverable-D1.1.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0260","unstructured":"Withnall, C., Shewchenko, N., Wiley, K. D., & Rogers, N. M. (2003, May). An improved Dummy Neck for the ISO 13232 Motorcycle Anthropometric Test Dummy. Proceedings of 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. ESV, Nagoya (Japan)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463_b0265","article-title":"Global status report on road safety 2018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457521004942?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457521004942?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:29:23Z","timestamp":1757546963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457521004942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0001457521004942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Motorcyclist injuries: Analysis of German in-depth crash data to identify priorities for injury assessment and prevention","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106463"}}