{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T04:23:12Z","timestamp":1778300592085,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"Qatar University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012009","name":"Hitachi Global Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T17:34:16Z","timestamp":1636565656000},"page":"106468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Interactions between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians at unsignalized mid-block crosswalks considering occlusions by opposing vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Iryo-Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wael K.M.","family":"Alhajyaseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charitha","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.105990","article-title":"Observational-based study to explore pedestrian crossing behaviors at signalized and unsignalized crosswalks","volume":"151","author":"Aghabayk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-014-1553-1","article-title":"The integration of conflict probability and severity for the safety assessment of intersections","volume":"40","author":"Alhajyaseen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2018.12.009","article-title":"Evaluation of pedestrian safety margin at mid-block crosswalks in India","volume":"119","author":"Avinash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0020","unstructured":"Beijing Baidu Netcom Science Technology Co., Ltd. (2020). A whitepaper on applo intelligent traffic (in Chinese). Retrieved (http:\/\/www.apollo.auto\/index_cn.html) (Accessed on 23 July 2021)."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3006768","article-title":"Pedestrian models for autonomous driving part I: low-level models, from sensing to tracking","volume":"22","author":"Camara","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5453","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3006767","article-title":"Pedestrian models for autonomous driving part II: high-level models of human behavior","volume":"22","author":"Camara","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0035","series-title":"2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","first-page":"1094","article-title":"LIBRE: The multiple 3D LiDAR dataset","author":"Carballo","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2020.06.001","article-title":"Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: a perspective under mixed traffic conditions","volume":"45","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IATSS research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2017.10.003","article-title":"Association of reduced visibility with crash outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"IATSS Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2293534","article-title":"Non-imaging MM-wave FMCW sensor for pedestrian detection","volume":"14","author":"Etinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2019.01.004","article-title":"Calibration and validation of a simulation model for predicting pedestrian fatalities at unsignalized crosswalks by means of statistical traffic data","volume":"7","author":"Feliciani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transport. Eng. (English Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.11.015","article-title":"A novel framework to evaluate pedestrian safety at non-signalized locations","volume":"111","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruyer, D., Cord, A., & Belaroussi, R. (2013). Target-to-track collaborative association combining a laser scanner and a camera. 2013 16st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). 1125\u20131130. URL http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/6728383\/.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2013.6728383"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0065","unstructured":"Guan, J., Madani, S., Jog, S., & Hassanieh, H. (2019). High Resolution Millimeter Wave Imaging For Self-Driving Cars. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.09579."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.01.003","article-title":"Pedestrian\u2019s risk-based negotiation model for self-driving vehicles to get the right of way","volume":"124","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.07.001","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles between anticipation and apprehension: Investigations through safety and security perceptions","volume":"110","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0080","unstructured":"Inagaki, T., Kobayakawa, S., Terauchi, Y., & Wada, D. (2017). A study on road crossing decision characteristics of children focused on vehicle cognition condition. JSTE Journal of Traffic Engineering, 3(2), A_215-A_222. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14954\/jste.3.2_A_215."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0085","first-page":"369","article-title":"Tesla autopilot: semi autonomous driving, an uptick for future autonomy","volume":"3","author":"Ingle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0090","unstructured":"Japan Society of Traffic Engineers Planning and Design of at-grade Intersections - Basic Edition -; Guide for Planning 2018 Design and Traffic Signal Control. Maruzen Co. Ltd (in Japanese)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurie, F., & Dhome, M. (2002). Real Time Robust Template Matching. Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2002, Cardiff, UK. doi: 10.5244\/C.16.10.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.16.10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105316","article-title":"Evaluating pedestrian vehicle interaction dynamics at un-signalized intersections: a proactive approach for safety analysis","volume":"134","author":"Kathuria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, P. A., Behrisch, M., Bieker-Walz, L., Erdmann, J., Fl\u00f6tter\u00f6d, Y.-P., Hilbrich, R., L\u00fccken, L., Rummel, J., Wagner, P., & Wie\u00dfner, E. (2018). Microscopic traffic simulation using sumo. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2575\u20132582. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569938.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569938"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.04.014","article-title":"A cellular automaton simulation model for pedestrian and vehicle interaction behaviors at unsignalized mid-block crosswalks","volume":"95","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b9000","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare, 2019. Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report 2019 (Summary). Retrieved (https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/toukei\/youran\/indexyk_2_1.html) (Accessed on 13 June 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0115","unstructured":"National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA), (2016). The evolution of automated safety technolgies. Retrieved (https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/technology-innovation\/automated-vehicles-safety) (Accessed on 13 June 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0120","unstructured":"National Police Agency. (2019). Situations of traffic accidents during 2019. Retrieved (https:\/\/www.e-stat.go.jp\/stat-search\/files? page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00130002&tstat=000001027457&cy cle=7&year= 20190&month=0) (Accessed on 15 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2018.05.002","article-title":"Can post encroachment time substitute intersection characteristics in crash prediction models?","volume":"66","author":"Peesapati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0130","unstructured":"Preeti, P. (2019). LiDAR, Radar, or Camera? Demystifying the ADAS \/ AD Technology Mix. Retrieved (https:\/\/leddartech.com\/lidar-radar-camera-demystifying-adas-ad-technology-mix\/) (Accessed on 23 July 2021)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2901817","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles that interact with pedestrians: A survey of theory and practice","volume":"21","author":"Rasouli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"B. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5194\/ars-3-205-2005","article-title":"Automotive radar and lidar systems for next generation driver assistance functions. Advances","volume":"3","author":"Rasshofer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2266661","article-title":"Looking at vehicles on the road: A survey of vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sivaraman","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2019.1620289","article-title":"Analysis of road traffic crashes in the State of Qatar","volume":"26","author":"Timmermans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Injury Control Safety Promotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.02.012","article-title":"Autonomous vehicle perception: The technology of today and tomorrow","volume":"89","author":"Van Brummelen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C: Emerging Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105692","article-title":"The adaptability and challenges of autonomous vehicles to pedestrians in urban China","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0165","unstructured":"Wood, M., Robbel, P., Maass, M., Tebbens, D.R., Meijs, M., Harb, M., \u2026 & Schlicht, P. (2019). A whitepaper on automated driving safety. Retrieved (https:\/\/apollo.auto\/platform\/whitepaper.html) (Accessed on 23 July 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0170","unstructured":"World Health Organization, (2020). Road traffic injuries. Retrieved (https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/road-traffic-injuries) (Accessed on 1 March 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.12.002","article-title":"Evaluation of pedestrian crossing behavior and safety at uncontrolled mid-block crosswalks with different numbers of lanes in China","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.08.018","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of pedestrian safety at uncontrolled multi-lane mid-block crosswalks in China","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2017.12.018","article-title":"Pedestrian crossing behaviors at uncontrolled multi-lane mid-block crosswalks in developing world","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.05.012","article-title":"Gap acceptance probability model for pedestrians at unsignalized mid-block crosswalks based on logistic regression","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.06.019","article-title":"Modeling the interaction between vehicle yielding and pedestrian crossing behavior at unsignalized midblock crosswalks","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F: Traffic Psychology Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105564","article-title":"Factors influencing pedestrians\u2019 decision to cross the road by risky rolling gap crossing strategy at intersections in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"142","author":"Zafri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0205","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Zhang, C., Peng, H., Lv, C., & Qiu, T.Z. (2016). Research on pedestrian crossing behaviors at unsignalized multi-lane mid-block crosswalk: a case study in China. Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting (No. 16-5671)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106288","article-title":"A Novel Agent-based Framework for Evaluating Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Mid-block Crosswalks","volume":"159","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457521004991?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457521004991?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:29:58Z","timestamp":1757546998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457521004991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0001457521004991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Interactions between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians at unsignalized mid-block crosswalks considering occlusions by opposing vehicles","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106468"}}