{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:27:29Z","timestamp":1791228449009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2102417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2102417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011605","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T19:13:36Z","timestamp":1688670816000},"page":"107184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Driver head kinematics in grassroots dirt track racing crashes: A pilot analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Sophia R.","family":"Zoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanner M.","family":"Filben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Stewart Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Destiny R.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett S.","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian E.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Stitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000647","article-title":"Concussion in motorsport? Experience, knowledge, attitudes, and priorities of medical personnel and drivers","volume":"30","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begeman, P., Melvin, J., Troxel, T., Mellor, A., 2006. Frequency response and coupling of earpiece accelerometers in the human head. SAE Tech. Pap. doi:10.4271\/2006-01-3657.","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-01-3657"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0015","unstructured":"Corbett, R., 2018. The Culture Wars of Car Racing [WWW Document]. New York Times. URL https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/10\/18\/magazine\/dirt-track-racing-nascar-tony-stewart.html (accessed 2.22.23)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deakin, N.D., Cronin, T., Trafford, P., Olvey, S., Roberts, I., Mellor, A., Hutchinson, P.J., 2017. Concussion in motor sport: a medical literature review and engineering perspective. J. Concussion. doi:10.1177\/2059700217733916.","DOI":"10.1177\/2059700217733916"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CNC43","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2017-0004","article-title":"Concussion in motorsport: incidence, awareness and future directions","volume":"2","author":"Deakin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0030","unstructured":"Dirt Car Racing, n.d. Section 11 \u2014 Personal Safety Equipment \u2013 DIRTcar Rules [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/dirtcar.com\/rules\/sprint-car-series\/sprint-technical-rules\/sprint-personal-safety-equipment\/ (accessed 2.13.23)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkin, B.S., Elliott, J.M., Siegmund, G.P., 2016. Whiplash injury or concussion? A possible biomechanical explanation for concussion symptoms in some individuals following a rear-end collision. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 46 (10), 874\u2013885. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2016.7049.","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.7049"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0040","article-title":"Development and Testing of the SAFER Barrier-Version 2","author":"Faller","year":"2006","journal-title":"SAFER Barrier Gate, and Alternative Backup Structure"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2020-0304","article-title":"Characterization of head impact exposure in women\u2019s collegiate soccer","volume":"38","author":"Filben","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0050","first-page":"S38","volume":"23","author":"Filben","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pilot characterization of head kinematics in grassroots dirt track racing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenke, B.D., 2002. Digital Filtering for J211 Requirements using a Fast Fourier Transform Based Filter. SAE Tech. Pap. doi:10.4271\/2002-01-0796.","DOI":"10.4271\/2002-01-0796"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2011.606996","article-title":"Test system, vehicle and occupant response repeatability evaluation in rollover crash tests: the deceleration rollover sled test","volume":"16","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knox, T., 2004. Validation of Earplug Accelerometers as a Means of Measuring Head Motion. SAE Tech. Pap. doi:10.4271\/2004-01-3538.","DOI":"10.4271\/2004-01-3538"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.007","article-title":"Subconcussive head impacts in sport: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"132","author":"Mainwaring","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03097-7","article-title":"Characterizing exposure to head acceleration events in youth football using an instrumented mouthpiece","volume":"50","author":"Marks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melvin, J.W., Baron, K.J., Little, W.C., Pierce, J., Trammell, T.R., 1996. Investigation of Indy car crashes using impact recorders, in: SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271\/962522.","DOI":"10.4271\/962522"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melvin, J.W., Bock, H., Anderson, K., Gideon, T., 2001. Development and Field Performance of Indy Race Car Head Impact Padding, in: SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271\/2001-22-0019.","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-22-0019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melvin, J.W., Begeman, P.C., Faller, R.K., Sicking, D.L., McClellan, S.B., Maynard, E., Donegan, M.W., Mallott, A.M., Gideon, T.W., 2006. Crash protection of stock car racing drivers\\mathord{-} application of biomechanical analysis of Indy car crash research. Stapp Car Crash J. 50 November. doi:10.4271\/2006-22-0016.","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-22-0016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4056322","article-title":"Pilot collection and evaluation of head kinematics in stock car racing","volume":"145","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.007674","article-title":"Injuries in professional motor car racing drivers at a racing circuit between 1996 and 2000","volume":"38","author":"Minoyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0105","unstructured":"Panzer, M.B., Dale\u2019 Bass, C.R.\u2019, Salzar, R.S., Pellettiere, J., Myers, B., 2009. Evaluation of ear-mounted sensors for determining impact head acceleration."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patalak, J., Gideon, T., Beckage, M., White, R., 2011. Testing, development & implementation of an incident data recorder system for stock car racing, in: SAE Technical Papers.","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-01-1103"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.4271\/2013-01-0800","article-title":"Occupant rollover protection in motorsports","volume":"1","author":"Patalak","year":"2013","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Transp. Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4271\/2013-01-0804","article-title":"Examination of a properly restrained motorsport occupant","volume":"1","author":"Patalak","year":"2013","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Transp. Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105397","article-title":"Estimated crash injury risk and crash characteristics for motorsport drivers","volume":"136","author":"Patalak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.4271\/2008-01-2974","article-title":"Stock car racing driver restraint \u2013 development and implementation of seat performance specification","volume":"1","author":"Patalak","year":"2009","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars \u2013 Mech. Syst."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02313-1","article-title":"Development, validation and pilot field deployment of a custom mouthpiece for head impact measurement","volume":"47","author":"Rich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0731-0","article-title":"Brain injury prediction: assessing the combined probability of concussion using linear and rotational head acceleration","volume":"41","author":"Rowson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.4271\/2008-01-2978","article-title":"Improving earpiece accelerometer coupling to the head","volume":"1 1","author":"Salzar","year":"2008","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0150","unstructured":"United States Auto Club, 2021. NATIONAL MIDGET SERIES 2021 Rule Book [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.usacracing.com\/members\/rulebook."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/710881","article-title":"A review of the severity index","author":"Versace","year":"1971","journal-title":"SAE Technical Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, P.G., 2000. The analysis of Accident Data Recorder (ADR) data in Formula 1, in: SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271\/2000-01-3551.","DOI":"10.4271\/2000-01-3551"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457523002312?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457523002312?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:07:53Z","timestamp":1762074473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457523002312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0001457523002312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Driver head kinematics in grassroots dirt track racing crashes: A pilot analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107184","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107184"}}