{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:29:45Z","timestamp":1792844985658,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"US Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008760","name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019592","name":"Veterans Administration Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T18:10:04Z","timestamp":1694887804000},"page":"107294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Analysis of experimental injuries to obese occupants with different postures in frontal impact"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"193","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3376-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayan","family":"Yoganandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Somasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0005","series-title":"AAAM","article-title":"The abbreviated injury scale","author":"Ais","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of potential injury patterns and occupant kinematics in frontal impact with PMHS in reclined postures","volume":"66","author":"Baudrit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0015","series-title":"Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention","article-title":"Thoracic Injury Biomechanics","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2015"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2017.1330968","article-title":"Breast volume is affected by body mass index but not age","volume":"60","author":"Coltman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvn.2013.06.004","article-title":"Review of article: Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999\u20132010 by Katherine M. Flegal, PhD; Margaret D. Carroll, MSPH; Brian K. Kit, MD; Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD (JAMA 2012;307:491\u20137)","volume":"31","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.39","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999\u20132010","volume":"307","author":"Flegal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0035","series-title":"49Code of Federal Regulations: 571.208","author":"FMVSS-208","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0040","first-page":"299","article-title":"Whole-body kinematic and dynamic response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests","volume":"50","author":"Forman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0045","series-title":"Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine\/Annual Scientific Conference","first-page":"25","article-title":"The effect of obesity on the restraint of automobile occupants","author":"Forman","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1630825","article-title":"Automobile injury trends in the contemporary fleet: Belted occupants in frontal collisions","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0055","first-page":"3268","article-title":"Hybrid III\u2014A biomechanically-based crash test dummy","volume":"86","author":"Foster","year":"1977","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0060","unstructured":"Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Afful J. 2021. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960\u20131962 through 2017\u20132018. NCHS Health E-Stats, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Updated February 8, 2021. Accessed April 13, 2023. www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/hestat\/obesity-adult-17-18\/obesity-adult.htm External link."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3060","article-title":"Trends in Obesity and Severe Obesity Prevalence in US Youth and Adults by Sex and Age, 2007\u20132008 to 2015\u20132016","volume":"319","author":"Hales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0070","series-title":"IRCOBI Conference","first-page":"9","article-title":"Comparison of kinematic behaviour of a first generation obese dummy and obese PMHS in frontal sled tests","author":"Joodaki","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0075","series-title":"IRCOBI:13\u201322","article-title":"Seating positions and activities in highly automated cars \u2013 A qualitative study of future automated driving scenarios","author":"Jorl\u00f6v","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0080","series-title":"International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles","first-page":"12","article-title":"Development of an age-dependent thoracic injury criterion for frontal impact restraint loading","author":"Kent","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0085","first-page":"1874","article-title":"Sitting Postures and Activities in Autonomous Vehicles \u2013 New Requirements towards Occupant Safety","volume":"63","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Factors and"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e065425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065425","article-title":"Trends in body mass index, overweight and obesity among adults in the USA, the NHANES from 2003 to 2018: a repeat cross-sectional survey","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0095","series-title":"In Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Eindhoven, The Netherlands","article-title":"Occupant activities and sitting positions in automated vehicles in China and Sweden","author":"\u00d6stling","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0100","first-page":"133","article-title":"Lower cervical spine loading in frontal sled tests using inverse dynamics: potential applications for lower neck injury criteria","volume":"54","author":"Pintar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0105","series-title":"Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention","first-page":"793","article-title":"Injury crietria and motor vehicle regulations","author":"Prasad","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0110","first-page":"83","article-title":"Kinematic and injury response of reclined PMHS in frontal impacts","volume":"64","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110039","article-title":"Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging: relationship to spinal osteoporosis","volume":"67","author":"Riggs","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2016.1193599","article-title":"Small female rib cage fracture in frontal sled tests","volume":"18","author":"Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0125","article-title":"Obese occupant response in reclined and upright seated postures in frontal impacts","volume":"67","author":"Somasundaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0130","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small female occupant response in reclined and upright seated postures in frontal impacts","author":"Somasundaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2019.05.003","article-title":"Effects of obesity on breast size, thoracic spine structure and function, upper torso musculoskeletal pain and physical activity in women","volume":"9","author":"Steele","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3634","article-title":"Comparing apples and pears: women's perceptions of their body size and shape","volume":"21","author":"Thoma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00873-7","article-title":"The definition of major trauma using different revisions of the abbreviated injury scale","volume":"29","author":"Van Ditshuizen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0150","series-title":"In: IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impac","first-page":"323","article-title":"Human response to a frontal sled deceleration","author":"Vezin","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2792269","article-title":"Thoracic deformation and velocity analysis in frontal impact","volume":"117","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2796049","article-title":"Mechanisms of thoracic injury in frontal impact","volume":"118","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2010.521210","article-title":"Sensitivity of THOR and Hybrid III dummy lower neck loads to belt systems in frontal impact","volume":"12","author":"Yoganandan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0170","first-page":"181","article-title":"Comparison of head-neck responses in frontal impacts using restrained human surrogates","volume":"55","author":"Yoganandan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294_b0175","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comparison of AIS 1990 update 98 versus AIS 2005 for describing PMHS injuries in lateral and oblique sled tests","volume":"57","author":"Yoganandan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Adv. Automot. Med."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145752300341X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145752300341X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:07:59Z","timestamp":1762074479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000145752300341X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S000145752300341X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Analysis of experimental injuries to obese occupants with different postures in frontal impact","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107294","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107294"}}