{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:39:22Z","timestamp":1793374762197,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T23:14:03Z","timestamp":1700954043000},"page":"107399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The causation-prevention chain in infrastructure safety measures: A consideration of four types of policy lock-ins"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6272-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Gitelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5371-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigal","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalom","family":"Hakkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0005","series-title":"Reducing speeding in Europe","author":"Adminait\u00e9-Fodor","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.07.012","article-title":"Evaluation and spatial analysis of automated red-light running enforcement cameras","volume":"50","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0015","article-title":"The vision thing: Actors, decision-making and lock-in effects in Swedish road safety policy since the 1990s","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ume\u00e5 Universitet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0020","unstructured":"Andrews, H., Sara, A. (2020). How Oslo achieved zero pedestrian and bicycle fatalities in 2019, and how other cities can apply what worked, ITE Journal, May, 33-38."},{"issue":"394","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/2234208","article-title":"Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events","volume":"99","author":"Arthur","year":"1989","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/25741292.2021.1887576","article-title":"Systemic design practice for participatory policymaking","volume":"5","author":"Blomkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Policy Design and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3141\/2194-03","article-title":"Condition of trucks and truck crash involvement: evidence from the large truck crash causation study","volume":"2194","author":"Blower","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_bib596","article-title":"Area-wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related injuries","volume":"2003","author":"Bunn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2022.2129363","article-title":"A budget optimization model for road safety infrastructure countermeasures","volume":"9","author":"Byaruhanga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogent Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0045","first-page":"10540","article-title":"Analysis of pre-crash characteristics of a passenger car to cyclist accidents for the development of advanced drivers assistance systems","volume":"136","author":"Chara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.05.009","article-title":"Safety countermeasures and crash reduction in New York City \u2013 Experience and lessons learned","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0055","unstructured":"CMF (2020). Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse. FHWA, US Department of Transportation. Accessed 30-08-2020. www.cmfclearinghouse.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0060","unstructured":"De Ceunynck, T., Focant, N. (2017). Installation of lighting & improvements to existing lighting. European Road Safety Decision Support System, developed by the H2020 project SafetyCube. Retrieved from www.roadsafety-dss.eu on 19.08.19."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2009.02.004","article-title":"Lock-in and break-out from technological trajectories: Modeling and policy implications","volume":"76","author":"Dolfsma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00334.x","article-title":"Who learns what from whom: a review of the policy transfer literature","volume":"44","author":"Dolowitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Political Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0075","author":"DSS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3141\/2317-02","article-title":"Understanding road safety impact of high-performance Bus Rapid Transit and busway design features","volume":"2317","author":"Duduta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0085","series-title":"Traffic safety on bus priority systems. Recommendations for integrating safety into the planning, design, and operation of major bus routes","author":"Duduta","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-014-0087-y","article-title":"Traffic safety in surface public transport systems: a synthesis of research","volume":"7","author":"Duduta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Transport"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(02)00098-9","article-title":"A pragmatic strategy for discovering and testing threats to the validity of sociotechnical experiments","volume":"10","author":"Dunn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0100","unstructured":"Dunn, B. W. (2018). Problem structuring in public policy analysis. InternationalPublic PolicyAssociation Conference, T03 Wicked. ippapublicpolicy.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0110","unstructured":"Elron, E., Goldin., A., Barkan, L. (2018). Environmentally friendly illumination in the Israeli Highways Authority: Final report. Downloaded from Tevabiz.org.il on the 26.05.2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0105","unstructured":"European Geosciences Union (EGU) (2020). The policy cycle. Accessed on 1.12.20. https:\/\/www.egu.eu\/policy\/cycle\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(00)00046-4","article-title":"Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes: a meta-analysis of safety effects","volume":"33","author":"Elvik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.08.018","article-title":"Assessing causality in multivariate accident models","volume":"43","author":"Elvik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0125","article-title":"What Would a Road Safety Policy Fully Consistent with Safe System Principles Mean for Road Safety?","author":"Elvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Available at SSRN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0130","series-title":"The Handbook of Road Safety Measures","author":"Elvik","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1057\/udi.2008.20","article-title":"Traffic calming in the United States: are we following Europe\u2019s lead?","volume":"13","author":"Ewing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban Des. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3141\/2364-04","article-title":"Quasi-Experimental study of traffic calming measures in New York City","volume":"2364","author":"Ewing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-014-0563-6","article-title":"Challenges to active transport in a car-dependent urban environment: A case study of Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"11","author":"Faherty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0150","series-title":"Results from 35 European Cities. Final Report \u2013 COST Action TU0603","article-title":"Buses with a high level of service: Fundamental characteristics and recommendations for decision-making and research","author":"Finn","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0155","series-title":"Megachange in the world in 2050","author":"Franklin","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0160","unstructured":"Gitelman, V., Hakkert, S, 2003. A wide-scale safety evaluation of traffic calming measures in residential areas. In: Proceedings of the European Transport Conference, 8-10 October, Strasbourg, France."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.11.017","article-title":"Characterization of pedestrian accidents and an examination of infrastructure measures to improve pedestrian safety in Israel","volume":"44","author":"Gitelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s12544-014-0145-1","article-title":"The evaluation of safety efficiency of non-urban infrastructure improvements; a case-study","volume":"6","author":"Gitelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2017.1310740","article-title":"Exploring safety impacts of pedestrian crossing configurations at signalized junctions on urban roads with public transport routes","volume":"25","author":"Gitelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inj. Contr. Saf. Promot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.07.007","article-title":"Changes in road-user behaviors following the installation of raised pedestrian crosswalks combined with preceding speed humps, on urban arterials","volume":"46","author":"Gitelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0185","series-title":"Advances in transport policy and planning. Preparing for the new era of transport policies: learning from experience","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.atpp.2018.07.008","article-title":"Assessing safety implications of bus priority systems: A case study of a new BRT system in the Haifa metropolitan area","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Gitelman","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8617","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208617","article-title":"An examination of the safety impacts of bus priority routes in major Israeli cities","volume":"2020","author":"Gitelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3141\/2352-05","article-title":"Investigating the road safety impacts of bus rapid transit priority measures","volume":"2352","author":"Goh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.12.002","article-title":"Bus accident analysis of routes with\/without bus priority","volume":"65","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.10.079","article-title":"Effects of traffic calming measures in different urban areas","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalo-Orden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0210","unstructured":"Gorgi, A. (2002). Calming in the positive sense. Haaretz Newspaper, 17 October. https:\/\/www.haaretz.co.il\/misc\/2002-10-17\/ty-article\/0000017f-e2d5-d7b2-a77f-e3d7d5790000 (In Hebrew)."},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/17.suppl_1.S11","article-title":"Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for evaluating guideline implementation strategies","volume":"17","author":"Grimshaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/13501763.2022.2064535","article-title":"Re-examining policy stability in climate adaptation through a lock-in perspective","volume":"30","author":"Groen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Publ. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.02.005","article-title":"Thinking about the history of road safety research: Past achievements and future challenges","volume":"25","author":"Hakkert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105528","article-title":"Crash causation and prevention","volume":"143","author":"Hauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2017.1301594","article-title":"Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems \u2013 an international review","volume":"38","author":"Ingvardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3141\/2601-15","article-title":"Before\u2013after safety evaluation using full Bayesian macroscopic multivariate and spatial models","volume":"2601","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0245","series-title":"Bus rapid transit planning guide","author":"ITDP","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0250","series-title":"Zero road deaths and serious injuries: Leading a paradigm shift to a Safe System","author":"ITF","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2018.1442888","article-title":"In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators","volume":"38","author":"Johnsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.02.005","article-title":"Economic, social and cultural transformation and the role of the bicycle in Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2004.007252","article-title":"Traffic calming policy can reduce inequalities in child pedestrian injuries: database study","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0270","unstructured":"Jurewicz, C., Tofler, S., Makwasha, T., 2015. Improving the performance of Safe System infrastructure. Research report AP-R498-15, Austroads, Sidney, Australia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2017.12.016","article-title":"Estimating safety effects of adaptive signal control technology using the Empirical Bayes method","volume":"64","author":"Khattak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eist.2015.07.005","article-title":"The role of lock-in mechanisms in transition processes: The case of energy for road transport","volume":"16","author":"Klitkou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Innov. Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145189","article-title":"The Emerging Conception of the Policy Sciences","volume":"1","author":"Lasswell","year":"1970","journal-title":"Policy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0290","article-title":"A new traffic safety paradigm","author":"Litman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Victoria Transport Policy Institute."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.06.026","article-title":"Road user behaviour changes following a self-explaining roads intervention","volume":"50","author":"Mackie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3042097","article-title":"Crash risk estimation due to lane changing: a data-driven approach using naturalistic data","volume":"23","author":"Mahajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2010.10.007","article-title":"Policy transfer and learning in the field of transport: A review of concepts and evidence","volume":"18","author":"Marsden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.08.005","article-title":"The European road safety decision support system on risks and measures","volume":"125","author":"Martensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.07.002","article-title":"Progressing road safety through deep change and transformational leadership","volume":"19","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0320","series-title":"Guide to Integrating Safety into Road Design","author":"Mitra","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0325","series-title":"Guidelines for road lighting planning","author":"MOT","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0330","series-title":"Guidelines for traffic calming areas","author":"MOT","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0335","series-title":"Strategic program for public transport development","author":"MOT","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0340","series-title":"Guidelines for selection and installation of permanent safety barriers on rural roads","author":"MOT","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0345","series-title":"Safety audit procedure for public transport projects","author":"MOT","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0350","series-title":"Planning and Development Administration, Ministry of Transport","article-title":"Summary report \u2013 Safe roads team. Infrastructure on the interurban roads in the national plan for road safety","author":"MOT","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2017.08.018","article-title":"Citizen Design Science: A strategy for crowd-creative urban design","volume":"72","author":"Mueller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-016-0387-z","article-title":"From robustness to resilience: avoiding policy traps in the long term","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00248-z","article-title":"Systems Thinking in the Context of Road Safety: Can Systems Tools Help us Realize a True \u201cSafe Systems\u201d Approach?","volume":"7","author":"Naumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Epidemiological Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043315","article-title":"Integrating complex systems science into road safety research and practice, part 1: review of formative concepts","volume":"26","author":"Naumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0375","unstructured":"NRSA, 2018. Traffic Calming Areas, Barriers for Implementation in Israel. Report by the Engineering Department of the National Road Safety Authority (NRSA), Jerusalem, Israel."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0380","unstructured":"OECD (2006). Speed management. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, European Conference of Ministers of Transport."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0385","unstructured":"OECD (2007). Managing urban traffic congestion. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, European Conference of Ministers of Transport."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/14649357.2022.2034924","article-title":"Displacing Conflicting Goals in Planning for Sustainability? Insights from Three Norwegian Cities","volume":"23","author":"Oseland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plan. Theory Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.03.003","article-title":"Traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles: type of collisions, manoeuvres and errors of conventional vehicles\u2019 drivers","volume":"45","author":"Petrovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0400","unstructured":"Quigley, C. (2017). Implementation of 30-Zones, European Road Safety Decision Support System, developed by the H2020 project SafetyCube."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0386-1112(14)60227-2","article-title":"The decision-making process of traffic calming devices: a comparative study","volume":"31","author":"Rahman","year":"2007","journal-title":"IATSS Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0410","first-page":"1","article-title":"A precautionary approach to autonomous vehicles","author":"Resnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0415","unstructured":"RISM (2019). Directive 2019\/1936 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 amending Directive 2008\/96\/EC on road infrastructure safety management. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union L 2019, 305, 1\u201316."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0420","unstructured":"Rodier, C.J., Shaheen, S.A., Cavanagh, E., 2007. Automated speed enforcement in the US: a review of the literature on benefits and barriers to implementation. In: Transportation Research Board 87 th Annual Meeting. CD-ROM. Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0425","series-title":"Final Report","article-title":"Barriers to the implementation of traffic calming areas in Israeli towns and the policies needed to overcome them","author":"Rofe","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.04.011","article-title":"Road transport in drift? Applying contemporary systems thinking to road safety","volume":"50","author":"Salmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0751-8","article-title":"Criteria for evaluating transferability of health interventions: a systematic review and thematic synthesis","volume":"13","author":"Schloemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0440","first-page":"644","article-title":"Disaster, nonlinearity and chaos\u2013An analysis","author":"Sen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-110615-085934","article-title":"Carbon lock-in: types, causes, and policy implications","volume":"41","author":"Seto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Env. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.02.015","article-title":"Crash causes countermeasures and safety policy implications","volume":"125","author":"Shinar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6688(199921)18:2<226::AID-PAM2>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"The Paradox of Policy Analysis: if it is not used, why do we produce so much of it?","volume":"18","author":"Shulock","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Policy Anal. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2015.02.005","article-title":"Immense changes in traffic\u2013Considerable stability in discourses. Road speed in Danish parliamentary documents 1900\u20132010","volume":"40","author":"Siren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0465","unstructured":"Song, R., Ozmen, M. O., Kim, H., Muller, R., Celik, Z. B., & Bianchi, A. (2023). Discovering Adversarial Driving Maneuvers against Autonomous Vehicles. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23), 2957-2974."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.20.1.5","article-title":"The causal effect of Bus Rapid Transit on changes in transit ridership","volume":"20","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Public Transp."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9880-9","article-title":"Share of mass transit miles traveled and reduced motor vehicle fatalities in major cities of the United States","volume":"91","author":"Stimpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0480","series-title":"Public lighting and vehicle lighting","author":"SWOV","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0485","series-title":"Bus rapid transit practitioner\u2019s guide","author":"TCRP","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0952-1895.2004.00254.x","article-title":"Managing value conflict in public policy","volume":"17","author":"Thacher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Governance"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0495","first-page":"15","article-title":"Self-explaining roads: What does visual cognition tell us about designing safer roads?","volume":"6","author":"Theeuwes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-7535(94)00022-U","article-title":"Self-explaining roads","volume":"19","author":"Theeuwes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0505","series-title":"The Vision Zero Handbook","article-title":"Vision Zero: How It All Started","author":"Tingvall","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/18128602.2012.724470","article-title":"Bus lane safety implications: a case study in Hong Kong","volume":"10","author":"Tse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportmetrica A: Transport Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0515","unstructured":"Turner, B., Partridge, R., Turner, S., Corben, B., Woolley, J. et al. (2017). Safe System Infrastructure on Mixed Use Arterials. Austroads Publication No. AP-T330-17, Austroads, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0520","unstructured":"United Nations (UN) (2019). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/420). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York: United Nations."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0525","unstructured":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (2021). Financing for road safety critically needed to halve 1.3 million annual deaths by 2030, stresses General Assembly discussion. https:\/\/unece.org\/sustainable-development\/press\/financing-road-safety-critically-needed-halve-13-million-annual. Accessed on 01.05.23."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2013.06.004","article-title":"Operationalizing adaptive policymaking","volume":"52","author":"Van der Pas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Futures"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9975-y","article-title":"Road safety effects of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems: a call for evidence","volume":"92","author":"Vecino-Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103528","article-title":"Whose is this street? Actors and conflicts in the governance of pedestrianisation processes","volume":"107","author":"Vitale Brovarone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580902826866","article-title":"Effects of road lighting on motorways","volume":"10","author":"Wanvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.07.032","article-title":"Transferability of demand-side policies between countries","volume":"109","author":"Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0555","series-title":"The Vision Zero Handbook","article-title":"Sustainable Safety: A Short History of a Safe System Approach in the Netherlands","author":"Wegman","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0560","series-title":"Financing of road safety actions. Third African road safety congress Pretoria, South Africa, April 14\u201317, World Bank","author":"Wetteland","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(83)90070-2","article-title":"Road safety: defeat, complicity and the bankruptcy of science","volume":"15","author":"Whitelegg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0570","series-title":"Global Plan: Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021\u20132030","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106848","article-title":"Developing a new real-time traffic safety management framework for urban expressways utilizing reinforcement learning tree","volume":"178","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.08.003","article-title":"Effects of speed humps on vehicle speed and pedestrian crashes in South Korea","volume":"75","author":"Yeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.02.020","article-title":"In-depth approach for identifying crash causation patterns and its implications for pedestrian crash prevention","volume":"73","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.05.022","article-title":"Predicting pedestrians\u2019 intention to cross the road in front of automated vehicles in risky situations","volume":"90","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziolkowski, R. (2014). Influence of traffic calming measures on drivers' behavior. The 9th International Conference \u201cEnvironmental Engineering\u201d 22\u201323 May 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.3846\/enviro.2014.180"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457523004463?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457523004463?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:40:31Z","timestamp":1757547631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457523004463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["S0001457523004463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The causation-prevention chain in infrastructure safety measures: A consideration of four types of policy lock-ins","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107399","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107399"}}