{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:00:00Z","timestamp":1787677200803,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007804","name":"Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T02:56:56Z","timestamp":1706151416000},"page":"107459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk of motor vehicle collision associated with cannabis and alcohol use among patients presenting for emergency care"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther K.","family":"Choo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy A.","family":"Trent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Nishijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Eichelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Kazmierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Brasel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Audett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl J","family":"Cherpitel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0512-z","article-title":"Cannabis and traffic collision risk: Findings from a case-crossover study of injured drivers presenting to emergency departments","volume":"59","author":"Asbridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105284","article-title":"Fatal crashes in the 5 years after recreational marijuana legalization in Colorado and Washington","volume":"132","author":"Aydelotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0015","unstructured":"Berning A, Smither DD. TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS Understanding the Limitations of Drug Test Information, Reporting, and Testing Practices in Fatal Crashes.; 2014. Accessed May 17, 2021. www.nhtsa.gov\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busard F, Pellegrini M, Klein J, di Luca N. Neurocognitive correlates in driving under the influence of cannabis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2017;16(999):1-1. doi:10.2174\/1871527316666170424115455.","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527316666170424115455"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0025","unstructured":"Cadieux G, Leece P. Evidence Brief: Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis and Risk of Motor Vehicle Collision.; 2017. Accessed September 15, 2022. https:\/\/www.publichealthontario.ca\/-\/media\/documents\/e\/2017\/eb-duic-mvc.pdf?sc_lang=en."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.01.008","article-title":"Alcohol- or drug-use disorders and motor vehicle accident mortality: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Callaghan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherpitel CJ, Witbrodt J, Ye Y, et al. Road traffic injuries and substance use among emergency department patients in the Dominican Republic and Peru. Rev Panam Salud Publica;45, mar 2021. 2021;45:1-9. doi:10.26633\/RPSP.2021.31.","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2021.31"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.00316.x","article-title":"Alcohol and Drug Use as Predictors of Intentional Injuries in Two Emergency Departments in British Columbia","volume":"22","author":"Cherpitel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.019","article-title":"Risk of injury from alcohol, marijuana and other drug use among emergency department patients","volume":"174","author":"Cherpitel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-017-0105-z","article-title":"Interaction of marijuana and alcohol on fatal motor vehicle crash risk: a case\u2013control study","volume":"4","author":"Chihuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2021.12.016","article-title":"Cannabis presentations to the emergency department after MVC in the era of legalization for recreational use","volume":"80","author":"Choo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14597","article-title":"Increased identification of cannabis use among drivers involved in motor vehicle collisions using an expanded cannabis inventory","volume":"29","author":"Choo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27432","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027432","article-title":"Does cannabis legalisation change healthcare utilisation? A population-based study using the healthcare cost and utilisation project in Colorado, USA","volume":"9","author":"Delling","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.07.016","article-title":"The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience","volume":"50","author":"Downey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0075","unstructured":"Drugged Driving | Marijuana-Impaired Driving. National Conference of State Legislatures. https:\/\/www.ghsa.org\/state-laws\/issues\/Drug%20Impaired%20Driving."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.104","article-title":"Measuring Drug Use Among Drivers: How Accurate Is Self-Reported Use?","volume":"81","author":"Eichelberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-40","article-title":"Alcohol and cannabis use as risk factors for injury - A case-crossover analysis in a Swiss hospital emergency department","volume":"9","author":"Gmel","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.11.010","article-title":"Estimating the uncertainty associated with Widmark\u2019s equation as commonly applied in forensic toxicology","volume":"172","author":"Gullberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0095","article-title":"Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use: Substitution Versus Complementary Effects","volume":"42","author":"Gunn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3295","article-title":"Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol","volume":"36","author":"Hartman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0105","unstructured":"IIHS-HLDI. Marijuana laws by state. Published 2020. Accessed September 5, 2020. https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/topics\/alcohol-and-drugs\/marijuana-laws-table."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.105987","article-title":"Cannabis and crash risk among older drivers","volume":"152","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0048","article-title":"Effects of High-Potency Cannabis on Psychomotor Performance in Frequent Cannabis Users","volume":"7","author":"Karoly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0120","unstructured":"Lacey J, Kelley-Baker T, Berning A, et al. Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk: A Case-Control Study. (Report No. DOT HS 812 355).; 2016. Accessed September 15, 2022. www.ntis.gov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-021-00321-1","article-title":"Cohort study of medical cannabis authorization and motor vehicle crash-related healthcare visits in 2014\u20132017 in Ontario, Canada","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0130","unstructured":"Map of Marijuana Legality by State. https:\/\/disa.com\/map-of-marijuana-legality-by-state. Accessed March 2, 2022."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0187320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187320","article-title":"Cannabis, alcohol and fatal road accidents","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003","article-title":"Determining the magnitude and duration of acute \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review","volume":"126","author":"McCartney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0145","article-title":"Relationships of Cannabis Policy Liberalization With Alcohol Use and Co-Use With Cannabis: A Narrative Review","volume":"42","author":"Pacula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.02.030","article-title":"The relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC), age, and crash risk","volume":"39","author":"Peck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2019.4.39935","article-title":"Legalized cannabis in Colorado emergency departments: A cautionary review of negative health and safety effects","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13347","article-title":"The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised","volume":"111","author":"Rogeberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14140","article-title":"Correction to: \u2018The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised\u2019 (2016)","volume":"113","author":"Rogeberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.08.003","article-title":"Cannabis and crash responsibility while driving below the alcohol per se legal limit","volume":"108","author":"Romano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802414524385","article-title":"Alcohol calculations and their uncertainty","volume":"55","author":"Searle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0180","first-page":"185","article-title":"The Effect of Cannabis Compared with Alcohol on Driving","volume":"18","author":"Sewell","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions \/ American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15770","article-title":"The effects of cannabis and alcohol on driving performance and driver behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Simmons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2018.79.441","article-title":"Recent Self-Reported Cannabis Use Is Associated With the Biometrics of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"79","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spindle T, Martin E, Grabenauer M, Wooward T, Milburn M, Vandrey R. Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis. 2021;35(7):786-803. Accessed September 15, 2022. https:\/\/marterin.github.io\/files\/Spindle%20et%20al.%20(2021).pdf.","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211021583"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01785.x","article-title":"The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Fatal Motor Vehicle Injury: High Risk at Low Alcohol Levels","volume":"36","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.341","article-title":"Alcohol-related risk of driver fatalities: an update using 2007 data","volume":"73","author":"Voas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20503245231177334","article-title":"Does the co-use of cannabis exacerbate the effect of alcohol on the risk of crashing? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Sci. Policy Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood EC, Dupont RL. Cannabis-Impaired Driving: Evidence and the Role of Toxicology Testing. Cannabis in Medicine. Published online 2020:493-513. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-030-45968-0_19.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45968-0_19"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-017-0149-8","article-title":"Co-use of Alcohol and Cannabis: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Yurasek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457524000046?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457524000046?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:08:21Z","timestamp":1762074501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457524000046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0001457524000046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk of motor vehicle collision associated with cannabis and alcohol use among patients presenting for emergency care","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107459","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107459"}}