{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:57:40Z","timestamp":1792803460609,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002427","name":"Ford Motor Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002427","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T02:00:23Z","timestamp":1735264823000},"page":"107900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comparison of traffic crash and connected vehicle event data on a freeway corridor with Hard-Shoulder Running"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7033-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nischal","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5818-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuqi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham","family":"Jashami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-9104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter T.","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7429-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Gates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Barrette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0005","series-title":"State of the Practice of Crash Reporting in the U.S. and Implications for CAV Safety Assessment (report No. MPC-660)","author":"Acharya","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2010.12.006","article-title":"Safety impact of using the hard shoulder during congested traffic. The case of a managed lane operation on a French urban motorway","volume":"28","author":"Aron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0015","article-title":"Examining impacts of COVID-19-related stay-at-home orders through a two-way random effects model","author":"Bamney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000748","article-title":"An analysis of changes in county-level travel behavior considering COVID-19\u2013related travel restrictions, immunization patterns, and political leanings","volume":"148","author":"Bamney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(02)00090-5","article-title":"Simulation estimation of mixed discrete choice models using randomized and scrambled Halton sequences","volume":"37","author":"Bhat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0030","article-title":"Travel Time to Work in the United States: 2019","author":"Burd","year":"2021","journal-title":"United States Census Bureau."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0035","series-title":"National Transportation Statistics","author":"Bureau of Transportation Statistics","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.03.026","article-title":"Injury severities of truck drivers in single- and multi-vehicle accidents on rural highways","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0045","unstructured":"Cohen-Abravanel, D., 2020. What is Connected Car Data? [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/otonomo.io\/blog\/connected-car-data\/ (accessed 3.15.23)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0050","series-title":"NCHRP Report 369: Use of Shoulders and Narrow Lanes to Increase Freeway Capacity","author":"Curren","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s42421-020-00024-x","article-title":"Correlating hard-braking activity with crash occurrences on interstate construction projects in Indiana","volume":"3","author":"Desai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Big Data Anal. Transp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0065","unstructured":"Ford Motor Company, 2024a. Connected Vehicle Privacy Notice [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.ford.com\/help\/privacy\/#connectedvehicleprivacynotice (accessed 4.15.23)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0070","unstructured":"Ford Motor Company, 2024b. Ford Motor Company US Privacy Notice [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.ford.com\/help\/privacy\/#USprivacypolicy (accessed 4.15.23)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0075","unstructured":"Fuhs, C., 2010. Synthesis of Active Traffic Management Experiences in Europe and the United States (Report No. FHWA-HOP-10-031), US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000220","article-title":"Safety and operational effects of the interstate 66 active traffic management system","volume":"145","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3141\/2278-08","article-title":"Operational experience with temporary hard shoulder running in Germany","volume":"2278","author":"Geistefeldt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.07.013","article-title":"Mixed logit analysis of safety-belt use in single- and multi-occupant vehicles","volume":"40","author":"Gkritza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981241243329","article-title":"Examining the relationship between connected vehicle driving event data and police-reported traffic crash data at the segment- and event level","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.07.011","article-title":"The impact of mobile phone distraction on the braking behaviour of young drivers: A hazard-based duration model","volume":"50","author":"Haque","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.07.001","article-title":"The frequency-severity indeterminacy","volume":"38","author":"Hauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105668","article-title":"Traffic volume and crashes and how crash and road characteristics affect their relationship \u2013 A meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"H\u00f8ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0110","article-title":"The U.S. 23 \u2018Flex Route\u2019 explained. New system utilizes shoulder lane in times of emergencies, heavy traffic [WWW Document]. Tri-County","author":"Jagielo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Times."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2768527","article-title":"Application of real field connected vehicle data for aggressive driving identification on horizontal curves","volume":"19","author":"Jahangiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0120","article-title":"Safety performance of part-time shoulder use on freeways, volume 2: conduct of research report","author":"Jenior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Board Natl. Acad."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3141\/2019-29","article-title":"Relationships between crash involvement and temporal-spatial driving behavior activity patterns: Use of data for vehicles with global positioning systems","volume":"2019","author":"Jun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3141\/2659-09","article-title":"Can data generated by connected vehicles enhance safety? Proactive approach to intersection safety management","volume":"2659","author":"Kamrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118773869","article-title":"Extracting useful information from basic safety message data: an empirical study of driving volatility measures and crash frequency at intersections","volume":"2672","author":"Kamrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artic. Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0140","series-title":"Evaluation of an Active Traffic Management System with Part-Time Use of the Inside Shoulder (Report No. SPR-1706)","author":"Kassens-Noor","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.08.004","article-title":"Analysis of volatility in driving regimes extracted from basic safety messages transmitted between connected vehicles","volume":"84","author":"Khattak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0150","first-page":"113","article-title":"Safety impacts of freeway managed-lane strategy inside lane for high-occupancy vehicle use and right shoulder lane as travel lane during peak periods","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.03.009","article-title":"Delivering improved alerts, warnings, and control assistance using basic safety messages transmitted between connected vehicles","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unobserved heterogeneity and the statistical analysis of highway accident data","volume":"11","author":"Mannering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0165","unstructured":"Mirshahi, M., Obenberger, J., Fuhs, C.A., Howard, C.E., Krammes, R.A., Kuhn, B.T., Robin M. Mayhew, M.A.M., Sahebjam, K., Craig J. Stone, J., Yung, essie L., 2007. Active Traffic Management: The Next Step in Congestion Management. Washington, D.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.03.004","article-title":"Predicting performance and safety based on driver fatigue","volume":"126","author":"Mollicone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2009.11.001","article-title":"Electronic records of undesirable driving events","volume":"13 2","author":"Musicant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12712","article-title":"Log odds and the interpretation of logit models","volume":"53","author":"Norton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0185","unstructured":"Office of Highway Policy Information, 2022. Average Annual Miles per Driver by Age Group [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/ohim\/onh00\/bar8.htm (accessed 6.21.22)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00148-3","article-title":"Selecting exposure measures in crash rate prediction for two-lane highway segments","volume":"36","author":"Qin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.06.001","article-title":"Investigating changes in travel behavior over time in response to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"96","author":"Rostami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300248","article-title":"Crash and risky driving involvement among novice adolescent drivers and their parents","volume":"101","author":"Simons-Morton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr440","article-title":"Do elevated gravitational-force events while driving predict crashes and near crashes?","volume":"175","author":"Simons-Morton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0210","series-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol. 11 PART 1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Regional traffic management - Method and tool","author":"Taale","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3141\/2424-03","article-title":"Near-crash identification in a connected vehicle environment","volume":"2424","author":"Talebpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0220","unstructured":"The Center Square, 2020. Average one-way commute time for Michigan residents reaches 24.5 minutes [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.thecentersquare.com\/michigan\/average-one-way-commute-time-for-michigan-residents-reaches-24-5-minutes\/article_e334a73a-18ab-11eb-9676-bfb544899e67.html (accessed 6.21.22)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0225","series-title":"Applying Safety Data and Analysis to Performance-Based Transportation Planning","author":"Waldheim","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.05.017","article-title":"How is driving volatility related to intersection safety? A Bayesian heterogeneity-based analysis of instrumented vehicles data","volume":"92","author":"Wali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3141\/2484-05","article-title":"Dynamic lane assignment approach for freeway weaving segment operation","volume":"2484","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457524004457?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457524004457?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T03:58:04Z","timestamp":1737518284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457524004457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0001457524004457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comparison of traffic crash and connected vehicle event data on a freeway corridor with Hard-Shoulder Running","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107900","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107900"}}