{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T09:27:00Z","timestamp":1793784420651,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T16:51:42Z","timestamp":1743353502000},"page":"108018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Understanding e-scooter rider crash severity using a built environment typology: A two-stage clustering and random parameter model analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Abdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"O\u2019Hern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.12.001","article-title":"Investigating the severity of single-vehicle truck crashes under different crash types using mixed logit models","volume":"88","author":"Abdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24102-y","article-title":"Exploring the effects of stationary camera spots on inferences drawn from real-time crash severity models","volume":"12","author":"Abdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal C.C. Reddy C.K. Data clustering 2018 Chapman and Hall\/CRC 10.1201\/9781315373515.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315373515"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0020","first-page":"1027","article-title":"k-means++: the advantages of careful seeding","author":"Arthur","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2022.2030057","article-title":"Modeling factors contributing to dockless e-scooter injury accidents in Austin","volume":"23","author":"Azimian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Texas. Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.05.003","article-title":"Emergency department visits for electric scooter-related injuries after introduction of an urban rental program","volume":"37","author":"Badeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103370","article-title":"A DBSCAN-based framework to mine travel patterns from origin-destination matrices: Proof-of-concept on proxy static OD from Brisbane","volume":"131","author":"Behara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2023.103551","article-title":"Bicycle safety outside the crosswalks: Investigating cyclists\u2019 risky street-crossing behavior and its relationship with built environment","volume":"108","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0045","unstructured":"Bierlaire, M., 2020. A short introduction to PandasBiogeme."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105540","article-title":"Cyclist crash rates and risk factors in a prospective cohort in seven European cities","volume":"141","author":"Branion-Calles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106833","article-title":"Web content mining analysis of e-scooter crash causes and implications in Germany","volume":"178","author":"Brauner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.11.002","article-title":"Built environment effects on cyclist injury severity in automobile-involved bicycle crashes","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.12.016","article-title":"Severity of e-scooter rider injuries associated with trip characteristics","volume":"76","author":"Cicchino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107533","article-title":"Unraveling the relation between cycling accidents and built environment typologies: Capturing spatial heterogeneity through a latent class discrete outcome model","volume":"200","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01333-2","article-title":"CYCLANDS: Cycling geo-located accidents, their details and severities","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909","article-title":"A Cluster Separation Measure","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell PAMI-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0085","unstructured":"Department for Transport, 2024. Road safety data [WWW Document]. Data.gov.uk. URL https:\/\/www.data.gov.uk\/dataset\/cb7ae6f0-4be6-4935-9277-47e5ce24a11f\/road-safety-data."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibaj, S., Vosough, S., Kazemzadeh, K., O\u2019Hern, S., Mladenovi\u0107, M., 2024. Investigating e-scooter injury and severity before and after the restriction policies in Helsinki, Finland. Paper presented at Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, District of Columbia, United States.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2024.09.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2024.04.014","article-title":"Assessing the impact of low-speed limit zones\u2019 policy implications on cyclist safety: Evidence from the UK","volume":"152","author":"Ekmekci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp Policy (oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107408","article-title":"Injury severity analysis of single-vehicle and two-vehicle crashes with electric scooters: A random parameters approach with heterogeneity in means and variances","volume":"195","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0105","unstructured":"GeeksforGeeks, 2022. Haversine formula to find distance between two points on a sphere. [WWW Document]. www.geeksforgeeks.org. URL https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/haversine-formula-to-find-distance-between-two-points-on-a-sphere\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106427","article-title":"Risk-taking behaviors of e-scooter users: A survey in Paris","volume":"163","author":"Gioldasis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386213","article-title":"On the efficiency of certain quasi-random sequences of points in evaluating multi-dimensional integrals","volume":"2","author":"Halton","year":"1960","journal-title":"Numer Math (heidelb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0125","article-title":"Comparing the risky behaviours of shared and private e-scooter and bicycle riders in downtown Brisbane","volume":"152","author":"Haworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australia. Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103982","article-title":"Investigating the association between neighbourhood characteristics and e-scooter safety","volume":"83","author":"Heydari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.11.139","article-title":"K-means clustering algorithms: A comprehensive review, variants analysis, and advances in the era of big data","volume":"622","author":"Ikotun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf Sci (n y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-5506-5","article-title":"Oral and maxillofacial injuries associated with e-scooter use at Broomfield Hospital: a cohort study of 24 months of data since e-scooter legalisation in the UK","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0150","unstructured":"S. Kennedy Astral: Calculations for the position of the sun and moon [WWW Document] 2022 https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/astral\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0155","article-title":"Accident Mechanisms and Injury Patterns in E-Scooter Users","author":"Kleinertz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25448-z","article-title":"Risk factors and injury patterns of e-scooter associated injuries in Germany","volume":"13","author":"Kleinertz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.02.019","article-title":"Characterization of electric scooter injuries over 27 months at an urban level 1 trauma center","volume":"45","author":"Lavoie-Gagne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105233","article-title":"Contextual risk factors in the use of electric kick scooters: An episode sampling inquiry","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107665","article-title":"Optimizing crash risk models for freeway segments: A focus on the heterogeneous effects of road geometric design features, traffic operation status, and crash units","volume":"205","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures9030063","article-title":"Analysis of E-Scooter Crashes in the City of Bari","volume":"9","author":"Longo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infrastructures (basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105954","article-title":"E-Scooter safety: The riding risk analysis based on mobile sensing data","volume":"151","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0190","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unobserved heterogeneity and the statistical analysis of highway accident data","volume":"11","author":"Mannering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal Methods Accid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106615","article-title":"Exploring the effect of road network, demographic, and land use characteristics on teen crash frequency using geographically weighted negative binomial regression","volume":"168","author":"Mathew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.09.004","article-title":"Exploring implications and current practices in e-scooter safety: A systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Mehranfar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03589-y","article-title":"Incidence and severity of electric scooter related injuries after introduction of an urban rental programme in Vienna: a retrospective multicentre study","volume":"141","author":"Moftakhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.11.017","article-title":"On-road bicycle lane types, roadway characteristics, and risks for bicycle crashes","volume":"123","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.08.022","article-title":"Condensed Silhouette: An Optimized Filtering Process for Cluster Selection in K-Means","volume":"176","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9505","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229505","article-title":"A Scientometric Review of Powered Micromobility","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Hern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0230","unstructured":"Open-Meteo Team Open-Meteo API: Free Weather Forecast and Historical Data API [WWW Document] 2024 https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0235","unstructured":"OpenWeatherMap, 2024. OpenWeatherMap API [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/openweathermap.org\/api."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.09.014","article-title":"Analysis of the consequences of car to micromobility user side impact crashes","volume":"87","author":"P\u00e9rez-Zuriaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063188","article-title":"Parametric and Non-Parametric Analyses for Pedestrian Crash Severity Prediction in Great Britain","volume":"14","author":"Rella Riccardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.07.004","article-title":"A conceptual framework to understand the role of built environment on traffic safety","volume":"75","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2021.03.005","article-title":"Comparison of motor vehicle-involved e-scooter and bicycle crashes using standardized crash typology","volume":"77","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3390\/e23060759","article-title":"Silhouette Analysis for Performance Evaluation in Machine Learning with Applications to Clustering","volume":"23","author":"Shutaywi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.08.001","article-title":"Comparing measures of urban land use mix","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106466","article-title":"Electric scooters accidents: Analyses of two Swedish accident data sets","volume":"163","author":"Stigson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/19439962.2023.2230544","article-title":"Exploring the heterogeneities of factors affecting e-bicyclist severities in delivery e-scooter crashes","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Safety & Security"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0290","article-title":"Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation","author":"Train","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cambridge University Press"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-020-01783-4","article-title":"Emergency department visits resulting from electric scooter use in a major southeast metropolitan area","volume":"27","author":"Vernon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0300","article-title":"Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis","author":"Washington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chapman and Hall\/CRC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.02.002","article-title":"What factors contribute to e-scooter crashes: A first look using a naturalistic riding approach","volume":"85","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107287","article-title":"Exploring associations between built environment and crash risk of children in school commuting","volume":"193","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105608","article-title":"Safety of micro-mobility: Analysis of E-Scooter crashes by mining news reports","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0320","first-page":"72","article-title":"Comparing three commonly used crash severity models on sample size requirements: Multinomial logit, ordered probit and mixed logit models","volume":"1","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Methods Accid Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.05.073","article-title":"Nearest neighbor selection for iteratively kNN imputation","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457525001046?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457525001046?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T07:14:03Z","timestamp":1744096443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457525001046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S0001457525001046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Understanding e-scooter rider crash severity using a built environment typology: A two-stage clustering and random parameter model analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108018"}}