{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1793190046937,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72471045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72471045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T13:48:16Z","timestamp":1756475296000},"page":"108207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A novel data-driven multi-agent pedestrian flow risk assessment framework for avoiding stampede incident"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"222","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4782-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zi-Xuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Asakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2010.01.005","article-title":"Microscopic pedestrian simulation model combined with a tactical model for route choice behaviour","volume":"18","author":"Asano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1137\/17M1119196","article-title":"Mean-field type modeling of nonlocal crowd aversion in pedestrian crowd dynamics","volume":"56","author":"Aurell","year":"2018","journal-title":"SIAM J. Control Optim."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(99)00052-1","article-title":"Cellular automata microsimulation for modeling bi-directional pedestrian walkways","volume":"35","author":"Blue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transp. Res. B: Methodol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0445-4","article-title":"Stochastic nonlinear dynamics of confined cell migration in two-state systems","volume":"15","author":"Br\u00fcckner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101295","article-title":"Characteristics of pedestrian\u2019s evacuation in a room under invisible conditions","volume":"41","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2017.2679487","article-title":"A Mean-Field Game of Evacuation in Multilevel Building","volume":"62","author":"Djehiche","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.110897","article-title":"Data-driven supply chains mapping and disruption analysis: The case of automotive SoC enterprises in China","volume":"201","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2014.11.001","article-title":"Bidirectional pedestrian fundamental diagram","volume":"71","author":"Fl\u00f6tter\u00f6d","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. B: Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.06.012","article-title":"Modelling cyclist queue formation using a two-layer framework for operational cycling behaviour","volume":"105","author":"Gavriilidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.07.001","article-title":"Uni- and bi-directional pedestrian flow in the view-limited condition: Experiments and modeling","volume":"71","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b11","series-title":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","first-page":"5025","article-title":"Revising motion planning under Linear Temporal Logic specifications in partially known workspaces","author":"Guo","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.51.4282","article-title":"Social force model for pedestrian dynamics","volume":"51","author":"Helbing","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2011.08.020","article-title":"Pedestrian behavior and exit selection in evacuation of a corridor - An experimental study","volume":"50","author":"Heli\u00f6vaara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2016.02.025","article-title":"Experimental study on characteristics of pedestrian evacuation on stairs in a high-rise building","volume":"86","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203959","article-title":"Collective behaviors of active matter learning from natural taxes across scales","volume":"35","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b16","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reciprocal n-Body collision avoidance","author":"Jur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Robot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2013.03.005","article-title":"A hybrid multi-scale approach for simulation of pedestrian dynamics","volume":"37","author":"Kneidl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105508","article-title":"Influence of traffic congestion on driver behavior in post-congestion driving","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.11.012","article-title":"Simulating uni- and bi-directional pedestrian movement on stairs by considering specifications of personal space","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41002","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/adad94","article-title":"Perspectives on modelling epidemics with human mobility","volume":"149","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"EPL"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102581","article-title":"Human stampede causative factors and cluster risk: A multi-dimensional analysis based on ISODATA and fuzzy theory","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.04.037","article-title":"Dynamic programming-based hot spot identification approach for pedestrian crashes","volume":"93","author":"Medury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(87)90016-1","article-title":"A new method for evaluation of level of service in pedestrian facilities","volume":"21","author":"M\u014dri","year":"1987","journal-title":"Transp. Res. A: Gen."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016507108","article-title":"How simple rules determine pedestrian behavior and crowd disasters","volume":"108","author":"Moussa\u00efd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106610","article-title":"Analysis of pedestrian accident injury-severities at road junctions and crossings using an advanced random parameter modelling framework: The case of Scotland","volume":"169","author":"Olowosegun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2007.06.005","article-title":"Evacuation simulation models: Challenges in modeling high rise building evacuation with cellular automata approaches","volume":"17","author":"Pelechano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b27","article-title":"Understanding the road rage behavior and implications: A textual approach using legal cases in Korea","volume":"16","author":"Ryu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.01.019","article-title":"Pedestrian crowd flows in shared spaces: Investigating the impact of geometry based on micro and macro scale measures","volume":"122","author":"Shahhoseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. B: Methodol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2009.12.015","article-title":"Methods for measuring pedestrian density, flow, speed and direction with minimal scatter","volume":"389","author":"Steffen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2016.04.005","article-title":"Information guiding effect of Evacuation Assistants in a two-channel segregation process using Multi-Information Communication Field Model","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.03.009","article-title":"Microscopic modeling of pedestrian movement behavior: Interacting with visual attractors in the environment","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2020.11.036","article-title":"Simulation of pedestrian route choice with local view: A potential field approach","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.04.007","article-title":"Investigation of pedestrian dynamics in circle antipode experiments: Analysis and model evaluation with macroscopic indexes","volume":"103","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.05.012","article-title":"A pedestrian flow model considering the impact of local density: Voronoi diagram based heuristics approach","volume":"68","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105574","article-title":"A generalized trajectories-based evaluation approach for pedestrian evacuation models","volume":"147","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Piao, Z., Gao, S., 2018. Encoding Crowd Interaction With Deep Neural Network for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00553"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104653","article-title":"Characteristics of crowd disaster: Database construction and pattern identification","volume":"111","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.08.021","article-title":"Data-driven crowd evacuation: A reinforcement learning method","volume":"366","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102742","article-title":"Consideration of tactical decisions in microscopic pedestrian simulation: Algorithm and experiments","volume":"119","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.01.007","article-title":"Application of social force model to pedestrian behavior analysis at signalized crosswalk","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106711","article-title":"Can automated driving prevent crashes with distracted pedestrians? An exploration of motion planning at unsignalized mid-block crosswalks","volume":"173","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106468","article-title":"Interactions between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians at unsignalized mid-block crosswalks considering occlusions by opposing vehicles","volume":"163","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457525002933?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457525002933?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:21:29Z","timestamp":1772817689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457525002933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0001457525002933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A novel data-driven multi-agent pedestrian flow risk assessment framework for avoiding stampede incident","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108207","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108207"}}