{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:20:15Z","timestamp":1766064015378,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007642","name":"Directorate of Security and Road Traffic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T17:24:13Z","timestamp":1762536253000},"page":"108283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Analysis of powered two-wheeler accident scenarios and multi-body simulations to support trunk protective equipment impact test methods"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Deville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selim","family":"Cheaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Llari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8824-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Garo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Lepretre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Jean","family":"Arnoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Bonci, R. De Amicis, S. Longhi, & E. Lorenzoni. (2017). On the modelling and analysis of a motorcycle in critical leaning conditions. 2017 5th IEEE International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), 92\u201197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MTITS.2017.8005645.","DOI":"10.1109\/MTITS.2017.8005645"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Study on serious road traffic injuries in the EU","author":"Aarts","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/19439962.2022.2063464","article-title":"A comparative study of factors associated with motorcycle crash severities under different causal scenarios","volume":"15","author":"Adanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Safety & Security"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.11.006","article-title":"Under-reporting of road crash casualties in France","volume":"38","author":"Amoros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Limitations of the Standard Test Procedure for Assessing the Protection of Motorcyclist Airbag jackets in a Realistic Impact Scenario","author":"Aranda-Marco","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.03.006","article-title":"Analysis of trunk impact conditions in motorcycle road accidents based on epidemiological, accidentological data and multibody simulations","volume":"127","author":"Ballester","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"year":"2010","series-title":"Motorcycle crashes into roadside barriers stage 2\u00a0: Crash mechanics and injury causatio","author":"Bambach","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0035"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.10.009","article-title":"The rising burden of serious thoracic trauma sustained by motorcyclists in road traffic crashes","volume":"62","author":"Bambach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0045","first-page":"29","article-title":"Lean angle selection by motorcycle riders","volume":"21","author":"Bartlett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accident Reconstruction Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.07.005","article-title":"Elite Motorcycle Racing\u00a0: Crash Types and Injury patterns in the MotoGP Class","volume":"34","author":"Bedolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0055","first-page":"35","article-title":"Shoulder impact response and injury due to lateral and oblique loading","volume":"47","author":"Bolte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0060","first-page":"2061","volume":"11","author":"Bonci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Modeling and Simulation of the Motorcycle\u2019s Lowside Fall"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0065","unstructured":"Bo\u0144kowski, T., Hyncik, L., Haj\u017eman, M., Radek, K., Savino, G., Gil, G., Galvanetto, U., & Khosroshahi, S. (2015). MOTORIST D3.1\u00a0: Accident Statistics (3.1)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.10.025","article-title":"Road crash fatality rates in France\u00a0: a comparison of road user types, taking account of travel practices","volume":"75","author":"Bouaoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0075","series-title":"Conference: 14th International Motorcycle Conference","article-title":"Do motorcyclist injuries depend on motorcycle and crash types\u00a0? an analysis based on the German In-Depth Accident Study","author":"Carroll","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0080","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Measurement of motorcycle slide coefficients","author":"Carter","year":"1996","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheaibi, S., Llari, M., Deville, T., Wei, W., Cherta-Ballester, O., Honor\u00e9, V., Masson, C., & Serre, T. (s.d.). Trunk impact conditions in real PTW accidents based on multibody numerical reconstructions. Traffic Injury Prevention, 1\u20118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389588.2025.2452326.","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2025.2452326"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122702","article-title":"Safety Analysis of Motorcycle Crashes in Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea\u00a0: an Application of Nonlinear Optimal Scaling Methods","volume":"15","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0095","unstructured":"Compigne, S., Caire, Y., Quesnel, T., & Verriest, J.-P. (2003). Lateral and oblique impact loading of the human shoulder 3D acceleration and force-deflection data. Proceedings of the 2003 international IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of impact, Lisbon Portugal, 25\u201126."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0100","unstructured":"Critical accident scenarios and rider needs, \u00abD1.1 Powered Two-Wheelers \u2013 Road Traffic Accident scenarios and common injuries\u00bb (Report D1.1). (2019). European Commission, Grant Agreement No. 769054."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2020.12.003","article-title":"Safety of motorised two wheelers in mixed traffic conditions\u00a0: Literature review of risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Damani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (english Edition)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3141\/2388-07","article-title":"Relationship between Rider Trajectory and Injury Outcome in Motorcycle-to-Barrier Crashes","volume":"2388","author":"Daniello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, T. D., & Smith, J. R. (1984). FRICTION FACTORS FOR MOTORCYCLES SLIDING ON VARIOUS SURFACES.","DOI":"10.4271\/840250"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0120","unstructured":"EN 1317-8\u00a0: Motorcycle Road Restraint Systems Which Reduce the Impact Severity of Motorcyclist Collisions with Safety Barriers. (2012)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0125","unstructured":"Forgerit, J.-P., Migeon, J.-F., Gascoin, Y., Lourdaux, H., Mignard, J.-L., Laffargue, B., Sangouard, J.-M., Gillon, J., Laget, T., Cathelain, B., Gambard, J.-M., Guerin, M., Robillard, A., Magnon-Pujo, H., Patte, L., Rouchon, G., Marcaillou, C., Gourdel, C., Begaule, J.-C., \u2026 Lallau, M. (2000). INSTRUCTION SUR LES CONDITIONS TECHNIQUES D\u2019AM\u00c9NAGEMENT DES AUTOROUTES DE LIAISON [Circulaire]. Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Equipement, des Transports et du Logement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.02.006","article-title":"Influence of horizontally curved roadway section characteristics on motorcycle-to-barrier crash frequency","volume":"77","author":"Gabauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106463","article-title":"Motorcyclist injuries\u00a0: Analysis of German in-depth crash data to identify priorities for injury assessment and prevention","volume":"163","author":"Gidion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3141\/2377-09","article-title":"Motorcyclist Impacts into Roadside Barriers\u00a0: is the European Crash Test Standard Comprehensive enough?","volume":"2377","author":"Grzebieta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0145","series-title":"ITAI International Conference","article-title":"Calculation of impact speed from pedestrian slide distance","author":"Hague","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_bib351","first-page":"77","article-title":"Typical injury patterns of motorcyclists in different crash types\u202f: Effectiveness and improvements of countermeasures","volume":"37","author":"Hell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Annual Conference"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107461","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of data linkage between motor vehicle crash and hospital-based datasets","volume":"197","author":"Karimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0165","first-page":"3724","article-title":"Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II","author":"Kroell","year":"1974","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105953","article-title":"A Motorcyclist-Injury Severity Analysis\u00a0: a Comparison of Single-, Two-, and Multi-Vehicle Crashes using Latent Class Ordered Probit Model","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"year":"2023","series-title":"Powered Two-Wheeler Rider Thoracic Impact Loading in Crashes with the Side of passenger Cars\u00a0: Literature Review and Human Body Model Validation","author":"Lundin","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0180"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0185","article-title":"Voie de circulation\u00a0: La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 routi\u00e8re de a \u00e0 Z","author":"Machus","year":"2015","journal-title":"La S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Routi\u00e8re De A \u00e0 z."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0190","first-page":"1557","article-title":"A COMPARISON OF MOMENT OF INERTIA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR VEHICLE DYNAMICS SIMULATION","volume":"106","author":"Macinnis","year":"1997","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0195","article-title":"In-depth investigation of accidents involving powered two-wheelers","volume":"1","author":"Maids","year":"2004","journal-title":"Final Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0200","article-title":"Development of a test methodology for PMHS-occupied powered two-wheeler and motor vehicle crash scenario [Poster]","author":"Meringolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IBS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0155","unstructured":"Hurt, H., Ouellet, J., & Thom, D. (1981). Motorcycle accident cause factors and identification of countermeasures, Volume 1\u202f: Technical report. Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA, DOT-HS-805-862, 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0175","unstructured":"Lloyd, John.j. d., 2016. Biomechanics of solo motorcycle accidents. J Forensic Biomed 7 (1), 1\u20136. 10.4172\/2090-2697.1000125."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0205","unstructured":"Moskal, A., Martin, J.-L., Lenguerrand, E., & Laumon, B. (2007). Injuries Among Motorised Two-Wheelers in Relation to Vehicle and Crash Characteristics in Rhone,France."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0210","unstructured":"Motorcycles\u2014Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles\u2014Part 2\u00a0: Definition of impact conditions in relation to accident data (ISO 13232-2:2005(E); Version Second edition). (2005)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0215","unstructured":"Motorcyclists\u2019 protective clothing against mechanical impact\u2014Part 4\u00a0: Motorcyclists\u2019 inflatable protectors\u2014Requirements and test methods (FprEN FprEN 1621-4:2012 (E)). (2012)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0220","unstructured":"OECD. (2008). Motorcycles\u00a0: Common international methodology for in-depth accident investigations. Part 13\u00a0: Coding manual [Report]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0225","unstructured":"ONISR. (2024). Accidentalit\u00e9 routi\u00e8re 2023 en France."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0235","series-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference","article-title":"Technical bases for the development of a test standard for impacts of powered two-wheelers on roadside barriers","author":"Peldschus","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0240","unstructured":"Peng, L. (2022). Mod\u00e9lisation et \u00e9valuation des dispositifs de retenue pour motards (Num\u00e9ro 2022LYO10072) [Theses, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard - Lyon I]. https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-04104525."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0245","unstructured":"Piantini, S., Pierini, M., Delogu, M., Baldanzini, N., Franci, A., Mangini, M., & Peris, A. (2016). Injury Analysis of Powered Two\u2010Wheeler versus Other\u2010Vehicle Urban Accidents."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105957","article-title":"Defining crash configurations for Powered Two-Wheelers\u00a0: Comparing ISO 13232 to recent in-depth crash data from Germany, India and China","volume":"151","author":"Puthan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0255","unstructured":"Quincy, R., Vulin, D., & Mounier, B. (1988). MOTORCYCLE IMPACTS WITH GUARDRAILS. Transportation research circular."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0260","series-title":"In 2012 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings\u2014International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury","article-title":"Motorcycle Crashes into Road Barriers\u00a0: the Role of Stability and Different Types of Barriers for Injury Outcome","author":"Rizzi","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, N., Carter, N., & Smith, C. (2018). Further Validation of Equations for Motorcycle Lean on a Curve. SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 6(3), 173\u2011192. JSTOR.","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-0529"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_bib353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13588260902956070","article-title":"Overview on the development of a test standard for the evaluation of motorcyclists\u2019 impacts on road infrastructure elements 1","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Crashworthiness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0270","first-page":"18","article-title":"Opportunities for safety improvements in motorcycle crashes in the United States","author":"Samaha","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searle, J. A., & Searle, A. (1983). The Trajectories of Pedestrians, Motorcycles, Motorcyclists, etc., Following a Road Accident.","DOI":"10.4271\/831622"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serre, T., & Llari, M. (2010). Numerical Analysis of the Impact between a PTW Rider and a Car in Different Accident Configuration. In C. T. Lim & J. C. H. Goh (\u00c9ds.), 6th World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB 2010). August 1-6, 2010 Singapore (p. 521\u2011524). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14515-5_133"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0285","first-page":"223","article-title":"The motorcyclist impact against a light vehicle\u00a0: Epidemiological, accidentological and biomechanic analysis","volume":"49","author":"Serre","year":"2012","journal-title":"PTW + Cognitive Impairment and Driving Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0290","unstructured":"SETRA-CSR. (1999). GLISSIERES METALLIQUES ET SECURITE DES MOTOCYCLISTES (memorandum of information Circulation S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Equipement Exploitation 118)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0295","unstructured":"Sporner, A., & Kramlich, T. J. (2001). MOTORCYCLE BRAKING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SEVERITY OF INJURY."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0300","article-title":"Investigation of motorcyclist and pillion passenger injuries using numerical simulations","volume":"501","author":"Sudyoddee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2010.10.005","article-title":"Role of motorcycle type in fatal motorcycle crashes","volume":"41","author":"Teoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1533\/cras.2001.0180","article-title":"The thoracic member under side impact\u00a0: an experimental approach","volume":"6","author":"Thollon","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Crashworthiness"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/13588260903102062","article-title":"Evaluation of a new security system to reduce thoracic injuries in case of motorcycle accidents","volume":"15","author":"Thollon","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Crashworthiness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0320","first-page":"1690","article-title":"Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact","author":"Viano","year":"1989","journal-title":"SAE Transactions"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90145-5","article-title":"A viscous tolerance criterion for soft tissue injury assessment","volume":"21","author":"Viano","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.04.009","article-title":"Overview of critical risk factors in Power-Two-Wheeler safety","volume":"49","author":"Vlahogianni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"year":"2023","series-title":"Method Development for Assessing risk of Thoracic Injury to Motorcycle Riders","author":"Wehrmeyer","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0335"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, D. A. (2009). Anthropometry. In Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement (p. 82\u2011106). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470549148.ch4.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148.ch4"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10286580008902559","article-title":"A Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model for simulation of Car-Pedestrian Impacts","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.10.003","article-title":"Comparison of injuries sustained by drivers and pillion passengers in fatal head-on motorcycle collision accidents","volume":"207","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283_bib352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, M.-R., & Kraus, J. F. (2009). A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries. Accid Anal Prev, 41(4), 710\u2011722. PubMed. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2009.03.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.03.010"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457525003719?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457525003719?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:16:57Z","timestamp":1766063817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457525003719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0001457525003719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-4575"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Analysis of powered two-wheeler accident scenarios and multi-body simulations to support trunk protective equipment impact test methods","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108283","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108283"}}