{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T22:11:59Z","timestamp":1765404719406,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T17:13:45Z","timestamp":1764522825000},"page":"108333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Do drivers understand cyclists\u2019 communication cues?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1735-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia R.","family":"DeLucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.10.015","article-title":"Engrossed in conversation: the impact of cell phones on simulated driving performance","volume":"38","author":"Beede","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0010","unstructured":"Bikeshala Admin, 2021. Basic hand signals for bikers in India with pictures and explanation. Bikeshala."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820929928","article-title":"Overloaded and at work: investigating the effect of cognitive workload on assembly task performance","volume":"63","author":"Biondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.006","article-title":"Driver behaviour in intersections: formal and informal traffic rules","volume":"8","author":"Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0040","series-title":"SafetyNet. Deliverable 5.8: in-Depth Accident Causation Database and Analysis Report","article-title":"Building the European Road Safety Observatory","author":"Bjorkman","year":"2008"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Cycling in Germany: The Most Important Rules","author":"Brandenstein","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0045"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.01.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of cell phones on driver performance","volume":"40","author":"Caird","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.07.004","article-title":"Drivers\u2019 recognition of pedestrian road-crossing intentions: performance and process","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0070","unstructured":"Department for Transport & Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency. (n.d.).Signals to other road users[PDF]. The Highway Code.https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/560aa58be5274a036c00001a\/the-highway-code-signals-to-other-road-users.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0075","unstructured":"Department for Transport, & Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency, 2024. The Highway Code: Rules for cyclists (59 to 82). GOV.UK.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/the-highway-code\/rules-for-cyclists-59-to-82."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0080","unstructured":"Discerning Cyclist, n.d. Cycling hand signals: What they mean & how to use them.https:\/\/discerningcyclist.com\/cycling-hand-signals\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137908924679","article-title":"The motorists\u2019 perception of the bicyclists\u2019 hand signals","volume":"22","author":"Drury","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543","article-title":"Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems","volume":"37","author":"Endsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2010.494191","article-title":"Cell phone use while driving and attributable crash risk","volume":"11","author":"Farmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0245","unstructured":"Fatality Analysis Reporting System. (2024). Pedalcyclists Killed in Fatal Crashes: 2010-2022. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0105","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Justice. (2013).Stra\u00dfenverkehrs-Ordnung (StVO) \u00a7 9 \u2013 Abbiegen, Wenden und R\u00fcckw\u00e4rtsfahren [Road Traffic Regulations \u00a7 9 \u2013 Turning, U-turns, and reversing].https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stvo_2013\/__9.html."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)00025-6","article-title":"Functional imaging of \u2018theory of mind","volume":"7","author":"Gallagher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.11.040","article-title":"The dual function of social gaze","volume":"136","author":"Gobel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2003.12.002","article-title":"Effects of remote and in-person verbal interactions on verbalization rates and attention to dynamic spatial scenes","volume":"36","author":"Gugerty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0125","series-title":"2014 IEEE International Inter-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA)","first-page":"47","article-title":"The use of visual cues to determine the intent of cyclists in traffic","author":"Hemeren","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412135","article-title":"Examining the impact of cell phone conversations on driving using meta-analytic techniques","volume":"48","author":"Horrey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2020.106726","article-title":"Dynamic assessment of control room operator\u2019s cognitive workload using Electroencephalography (EEG)","volume":"141","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.100.1.78","article-title":"Gaze and eye contact: a research review","volume":"100","author":"Kleinke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.09.006","article-title":"Understanding interactions between automated road transport systems and other road users: a video analysis","volume":"66","author":"Madigan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2020.1736686","article-title":"Defining interactions: a conceptual framework for understanding interactive behaviour in human and automated road traffic","volume":"21","author":"Markkula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0160","unstructured":"Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. (n.d.).Participating in Dutch traffic. Netherlands."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0165","unstructured":"Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. (1990).Reglement verkeersregels en verkeerstekens 1990 (RVV 1990), Artikel 5 \u2013 Richting aangeven [Traffic Rules and Road Signs Regulation, Article 5 \u2013 Indicating direction].https:\/\/wetten.overheid.nl\/BWBR0004825\/HoofdstukII\/Artikel5."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0005","unstructured":"Motor Vehicle Act, RSBC 1996, c 318, s 183(17). (1996).https:\/\/www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0015","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2022. Bicyclists and other cyclists: 2020 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 322). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0020","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2025. Distracted driving 2023. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 703). Department of Transportation."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.22.1.10","article-title":"Visual search in naturalistic scenes from foveal to peripheral vision: a comparison between dynamic and static displays","volume":"22","author":"Nuthmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0180","unstructured":"Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General, 1990. Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c H.8, s. 142.https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/laws\/statute\/90h08."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00076512","article-title":"Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?","volume":"1","author":"Premack","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0250","unstructured":"Psychology Software Tools. (2016). E-prime (Version 3.0) [Computer software]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0065","unstructured":"Pure Cycles, 2016. Group rides: Hand signals. Pure Cycles. https:\/\/www.purecycles.com\/blogs\/bicycle-news\/54132609-group-rides-hand-signals#:\u223c:text=Meaning:%20Slowing%20and%20stopping,down%20is%20a%20good%20idea."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0190","first-page":"473","article-title":"Against parafoveal semantic preprocessing during eye fixations in reading. Canad","volume":"40","author":"Rayner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Psychol.\/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(85)90020-X","article-title":"Behavior in traffic conflict situations","volume":"17","author":"Risser","year":"1985","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0200","unstructured":"Rivers-Woods, L., 2023. Korean cycling hand signals. South of Seoul. https:\/\/blog.southofseoul.net\/korean-cycling-hand-signals\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakurai, M., 2015. Parafovea. Encyclopedia of color science and technology. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-27851-8_215-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27851-8_215-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0210","unstructured":"Santafixie, 2024. Cycling hand signals: Essential road safety tips for cyclists. Santafixie UK Blog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0215","series-title":"Analyzing Driver-Pedestrian Interaction at Crosswalks: A Contribution to Autonomous Driving in Urban Environments","first-page":"38","author":"Schneemann","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-020-09829-4","article-title":"A practical guide on conducting eye tracking studies in software engineering","volume":"25","author":"Sharafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1068\/p281059","article-title":"Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events","volume":"28","author":"Simons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0230","unstructured":"Spoke Herd, n.d.. Hand signs every cyclist must know.https:\/\/spokepedia.spokeherd.com\/hand-signs-every-cyclist-must-know."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00386","article-title":"Driven to distraction: dual-task studies of simulated driving and conversing on a cellular telephone","volume":"12","author":"Strayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.1.23","article-title":"Cell phone-induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving","volume":"9","author":"Strayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0060","unstructured":"Transportation Code, Tex. Stat. \u00a7545.107 (1995). https:\/\/statutes.capitol.texas.gov\/docs\/tn\/htm\/tn.545.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0085","unstructured":"UAB DrivingEd (Trans.). (2024).Road traffic rules republic of Lithuania. KELI\u0172 EISMO TAISYKL\u0116S."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.06.005","article-title":"Signals are informative but slow down responses when drivers meet bicyclists at road junctions","volume":"37","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2006.06.001","article-title":"Drivers\u2019 gaze fixations during judgements about a bicyclist\u2019s intentions","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211009028","article-title":"Factors that affect drivers\u2019 perception of closing and an immediate hazard","volume":"65","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.06.026","article-title":"Reading cyclist intentions: can a lead cyclist\u2019s behaviour be predicted?","volume":"105","author":"Westerhuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087601800506","article-title":"Social interaction patterns in driver behavior: an introductory review","volume":"18","author":"Wilde","year":"1976","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145752500421X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145752500421X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T22:09:15Z","timestamp":1765404555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000145752500421X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S000145752500421X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-4575"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Do drivers understand cyclists\u2019 communication cues?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108333","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108333"}}