{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T05:28:47Z","timestamp":1793510927962,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52302442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52302442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:05:03Z","timestamp":1783526703000},"page":"108665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["PILOT-DSM: Risk perception-aligned takeover prompting framework via coverage-gap assessment in conditionally automated driving"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4009-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yexin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishengsa","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4647-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongbin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanru","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.10.004","article-title":"Evaluating the impacts of driver\u2019s pre-warning cognitive state on takeover performance under conditional automation","volume":"83","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3154426","article-title":"Human-machine shared driving: challenges and future directions","volume":"7","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards context-aware modeling of situation awareness in conditionally automated driving","author":"Avetisyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0020","first-page":"13178","article-title":"Medirl: predicting the visual attention of drivers via maximum entropy deep inverse reinforcement learning","author":"Baee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208251314248","article-title":"Awakening the disengaged: can driving-related prompts engage drivers in partial automation?","volume":"67","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.04.001","article-title":"Take-over requests in highly automated driving: a crowdsourcing survey on auditory, vibrotactile, and visual displays","volume":"56","author":"Bazilinskyy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2009.02.001","article-title":"Age and skill differences in classifying hazardous traffic scenes","volume":"12","author":"Borowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221096666","article-title":"Hazard perception in driving: a systematic literature review","volume":"2676","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0045","article-title":"Does the ar-hud system affect driving behaviour? an eye-tracking experiment study","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.692","article-title":"Scanmatch: a novel method for comparing fixation sequences","volume":"42","author":"Cristino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.10.006","article-title":"Hazard prediction discriminates between novice and experienced drivers","volume":"86","author":"Crundall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, W., Murzello, Y., Cao, S., Samuel, S., 2023. Where to gaze during take-over: Eye gaze strategy analysis of different situation awareness and hazard perception levels. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp. 2042-2047.","DOI":"10.1177\/21695067231193650"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0070","article-title":"Psychophysiological responses to takeover requests in conditionally automated driving","volume":"148","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.01.008","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological responses to takeovers in different scenarios during conditionally automated driving","volume":"101","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105889","article-title":"Predicting driver reaction time and deceleration: Comparison of perception-reaction thresholds and evidence accumulation framework","volume":"149","author":"Durrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endsley, M.R., 2017. Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Situational awareness. Routledge, pp. 9-42.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315087924-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816685832","article-title":"Takeover time in highly automated vehicles: Noncritical transitions to and from manual control","volume":"59","author":"Eriksson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold, C., Damb\u00f6ck, D., Lorenz, L., Bengler, K., 2013. \u201cTake over!\u201d how long does it take to get the driver back into the loop? Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp. 1938-1942.","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571433"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greatbatch, R.L., Kim, H., Doerzaph, Z.R., Llaneras, R., 2020. Human-machine interfaces for handover from automated driving systems: A literature review. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp. 1406-1410.","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181320641335"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106534","article-title":"Takeover requests for automated driving: the effects of signal direction, lead time, and modality on takeover performance","volume":"165","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk assessment and prediction of conditional driving automation takeover: considering the impact of driver state","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogn. Tech. Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04781-8","article-title":"A dataset on takeover during distracted l2 automated driving","volume":"12","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2024.106704","article-title":"Impact of non-driving related task types, request modalities, and automation on driver takeover: a meta-analysis","volume":"181","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18353-4","article-title":"Human-like driving behaviour emerges from a risk-based driver model","volume":"11","author":"Kolekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105543","article-title":"Understanding take-over performance of high crash risk drivers during conditionally automated driving","volume":"143","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3323340","article-title":"Evaluation of visual risk perception of automated driving tasks by analyzing gaze pattern dispersion","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8010","DOI":"10.3390\/s24248010","article-title":"Design and evaluation of ecological interface of driving warning system based on ar-hud","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1860514","article-title":"Take over gradually in conditional automated driving: the effect of two-stage warning systems on situation awareness, driving stress, takeover performance, and acceptance","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.09.005","article-title":"Transition to manual: driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle","volume":"27","author":"Merat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"7031","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03390","article-title":"Optimal eye movement strategies in visual search","volume":"434","author":"Najemnik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0160","unstructured":"Naujoks, F., Mai, C., Neukum, A., 2014. The effect of urgency of take-over requests during highly automated driving under distraction conditions. Advances in human aspects of transportation 7 (Part I), 431."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8150","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198150","article-title":"Comparison of experienced and novice drivers\u2019 visual and driving behaviors during warned or unwarned near\u2013forward collisions","volume":"23","author":"Navarro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0170","first-page":"18","article-title":"Eye tracking use in researching driver distraction: a scientometric and qualitative literature review approach","volume":"12","author":"Ojster\u0161ek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2845370","article-title":"Predicting the driver's focus of attention: the dr (eye) ve project","volume":"41","author":"Palazzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2025.04.003","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of take-over time from automated driving at sae levels 2 and 3 to manual control","volume":"113","author":"Sekadakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouddiz, S., Paubel, P.-V.. Lemercier, C., 2025. How do novice and expert drivers prepare to takeover? Investigation of their visual and task switching behaviour. Preprint, SSRN. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5211090.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5211090"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seya, Y., Nakayasu, H., Yagi, T., 2013. Useful field of view in simulated driving: Reaction times and eye movements of drivers. i-Perception 4 (4), 285-298.","DOI":"10.1068\/i0512"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106017","article-title":"Automated vehicle crash sequences: patterns and potential uses in safety testing","volume":"153","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(02)00008-6","article-title":"Visual search while driving: Skill and awareness during inspection of the scene","volume":"5","author":"Underwood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013031000090116","article-title":"Visual attention while driving: Sequences of eye fixations made by experienced and novice drivers","volume":"46","author":"Underwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2011.04.008","article-title":"Driving simulator validation with hazard perception","volume":"14","author":"Underwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010445","article-title":"Studying driver\u2019s perception arousal and takeover performance in autonomous driving","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820976476","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of takeover performance during conditionally automated driving","volume":"64","author":"Weaver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107803","article-title":"Identifying novice drivers in need of hazard perception ability improvement for takeover performance in level 3 automated driving","volume":"208","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394","article-title":"Multiple resources and mental workload","volume":"50","author":"Wickens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0235","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of augmented reality heads up display in vehicles: Effectiveness, application, and safety","author":"Winkler","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.11.001","article-title":"Timing of early warning stages in a multi stage collision warning system: Drivers\u2019 evaluation depending on situational influences","volume":"36","author":"Winkler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136924","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2914864","article-title":"Take-over performance and safety analysis under different scenarios and secondary tasks in conditionally automated driving","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.06.017","article-title":"Eye movements predict driver reaction time to takeover request in automated driving: a real-vehicle study","volume":"81","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.02.023","article-title":"What determines the take-over time? an integrated model approach of driver take-over after automated driving","volume":"78","author":"Zeeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526002745?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526002745?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T05:01:25Z","timestamp":1793509285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457526002745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0001457526002745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PILOT-DSM: Risk perception-aligned takeover prompting framework via coverage-gap assessment in conditionally automated driving","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108665","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108665"}}