{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T05:28:56Z","timestamp":1793510936384,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:15:48Z","timestamp":1783354548000},"page":"108668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The 'Grand Rapids dip': could it be real?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Rune","family":"Elvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0005","unstructured":"Allsop, R. E. 1966. Alcohol and road accidents. A discussion of the Grand Rapids study. RRIL Report 6. Harmondsworth, Road Research Laboratory."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0010","series-title":"Crash risk of Alcohol Involved Driving: A Case-Control Study","author":"Blomberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0015","unstructured":"Borkenstein, R. F., Crowther, R. F., Schumate, R. P., Ziel, W. B., Zylman, R. 1964, The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents. Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University, Department of Police Administration."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00085030.1985.10757378","article-title":"Alcohol tolerance and its significance in driving","volume":"18","author":"De Luca","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Can. Soc. Foren. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.12.011","article-title":"Some implications of an event-based definition of exposure to the risk of road accident","volume":"76","author":"Elvik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accident Anal. Preven."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0030","series-title":"Safe Mobility: Challenges, Methodology and Solutions","first-page":"425","article-title":"Chapter 19: meta-analytic methods","author":"Elvik","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106899","article-title":"Driver mileage and risk of accident involvement: a synthesis of evidence","volume":"179","author":"Elvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accident Anal. Preven."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2025.101471","article-title":"Simpson\u2019s paradox: a collection of examples from road safety studies and emergency medicine","volume":"31","author":"Elvik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Interdiscipl. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2013.780651","article-title":"Commentary: why is the odds ratio for involvement in serious traffic accident among drunk drivers in Norway and Finland higher than in other countries?","volume":"15","author":"Gjerde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0050","unstructured":"Hels, T., Bernhoft, I. M., Lyckegaard, A., Houwing, S., Hagenzieker, M., Legrand, S-A., Isalberti, C., Linden, T. van der, Verstraete, A. 2011. Risk of injury by driving with alcohol and other drugs. Deliverable 2.3.5 of the DRUID project. DTU Library."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90026-4","article-title":"The grand rapids dip revisited","volume":"26","author":"Hurst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00114-8","article-title":"The influence of alcohol, age and number of passengers on the night-time risk of driver fatal injury in New Zealand","volume":"36","author":"Keall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12227","article-title":"A review of alcohol-impaired driving: the role of blood alcohol concentration and complexity of the driving task","volume":"58","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Foren. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.02.030","article-title":"The relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC), age, and crash risk","volume":"39","author":"Peck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.02.019","article-title":"The culpability of drivers killed in New Zealand road crashes and their use of alcohol and other drugs","volume":"67","author":"Poulsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526002770?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526002770?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T05:03:53Z","timestamp":1793509433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457526002770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["S0001457526002770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The 'Grand Rapids dip': could it be real?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108668","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108668"}}