{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:07:02Z","timestamp":1788887222059,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:45:50Z","timestamp":1787147150000},"page":"108695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Studying the interaction between pedestrian, cyclist and automated vehicle in shared space: A virtual reality co-simulator study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"237","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenlin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6279-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Papadimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Hoogendoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b1","series-title":"Shared use\u2013operational review","author":"Atkins","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b2","series-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","first-page":"467","article-title":"Cyclists\u2019 perception of automated shuttle buses in shared spaces","author":"Babel","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.211","article-title":"An immersive virtual peer for studying social influences on child cyclists\u2019 Road-Crossing behavior","volume":"17","author":"Babu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2024.106467","article-title":"Studying the impact of lighting on the pedestrian route choice using virtual reality","volume":"174","author":"van Beek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.11.013","article-title":"Do cyclists need HMIs in future automated traffic? An interview study","volume":"84","author":"Berge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.08.018","article-title":"Interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles: Exploring a motion-based approach for virtual reality experiments","volume":"82","author":"Bindsch\u00e4del","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.06.017","article-title":"Using eHMI, acoustic signal, and pitch motion to communicate the intention of automated vehicles to pedestrians: A Wizard of Oz study","volume":"97","author":"Bindsch\u00e4del","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.08.032","article-title":"Factors influencing the perception of safety for pedestrians and cyclists through interactions with automated vehicles in shared spaces","volume":"107","author":"Brill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.08.032","article-title":"Factors influencing the perception of safety for pedestrians and cyclists through interactions with automated vehicles in shared spaces","volume":"107","author":"Brill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094454","article-title":"External human-machine interfaces for automated vehicles in shared spaces: A review of the Human-Computer interaction literature","volume":"23","author":"Brill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b11","series-title":"Advances in Human Factors of Transportation","first-page":"307","article-title":"Pedestrian attitudes to shared-space interactions with autonomous vehicles \u2013 A virtual reality study","author":"Burns","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b12","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing the risky cycling behaviors of Young cyclists aged 15-24 years: A Questionnaire-zotBased study in China","volume":"40","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000228","article-title":"Protecting vulnerable road users from injury","volume":"7","author":"Constant","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107639","article-title":"Coupling intention and actions of vehicle-pedestrian interaction: A virtual reality experiment study","volume":"203","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.04.018","article-title":"Autonomous vehicle safety: Understanding perceptions of pedestrians and bicyclists","volume":"81","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.08.016","article-title":"Investigating pedestrian suggestions for external features on fully autonomous vehicles: A virtual reality experiment","volume":"59","author":"Deb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b17","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","first-page":"109","article-title":"Pedestrian interaction with vehicles: Roles of explicit and implicit communication","author":"Dey","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b18","series-title":"13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","first-page":"274","article-title":"Towards scalable eHMIs: Designing for AV-VRU communication beyond one pedestrian","author":"Dey","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b19","series-title":"2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on Human-Machine Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elderly Pedestrian-Crossing strategy when perceiving an autonomous vehicle in a shared space","author":"Dong","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b20","author":"Epic Games","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b21","series-title":"Listen server in unreal engine","author":"Epic Games","year":"2025"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1139\/cjce-2017-0683","article-title":"Road users\u2019 behavior and safety analysis of pedestrian-bike shared space: case study of Robson Street in Vancouver","volume":"45","author":"Essa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arq141","article-title":"Collective behavior in road crossing pedestrians: the role of social information","volume":"21","author":"Faria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107329","article-title":"Data collection methods for studying pedestrian behaviour: A systematic review","volume":"187","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105573","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a VR research tool to study wayfinding behavior in a multi-story building","volume":"147","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b26","series-title":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems","first-page":"2038","article-title":"Effect of eHMI on pedestrian road crossing behavior in shared space with automated Vehicles-A virtual reality study","author":"Feng","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does another pedestrian matter? A virtual reality study on the interaction between multiple pedestrians and autonomous vehicles in shared space","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b28","series-title":"To walk or not to walk: Crowdsourced assessment of external Vehicle-to-Pedestrian displays","author":"Fridman","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b29","series-title":"Safety of vulnerable road users","author":"Group","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b30","first-page":"94","article-title":"Interactions between cyclists and automated vehicles: Results of a photo experiment*","volume":"12","author":"Hagenzieker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Saf. Secur."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00058-8","article-title":"Analysis of pedestrians\u2019 behavior at pedestrian crossings","volume":"38","author":"Hamed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.34.2.161","article-title":"Shared space: Reconciling people, places and traffic","volume":"34","author":"Hamilton-Baillie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Built Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1057\/udi.2008.13","article-title":"Towards shared space","volume":"13","author":"Hamilton-Baillie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban Des. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.07.001","article-title":"The effects of mobile phone use on pedestrian crossing behaviour at signalised and unsignalised intersections","volume":"39","author":"Hatfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.04.005","article-title":"An investigation of behaviour and attitudes relevant to the user safety of pedestrian\/cyclist shared paths","volume":"40","author":"Hatfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.09.013","article-title":"Group cycling safety behaviours: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Heeremans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b37","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autonomous vehicle-cyclist interaction: Peril and promise","author":"Hou","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.7708\/ijtte.2014.4(1).08","article-title":"Pedestrian crossing behaviour analysis at intersections","volume":"4","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Traffic Transp. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2865945","article-title":"Joint action in a virtual environment: Crossing roads with risky vs. Safe human and agent partners","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b40","series-title":"2016 IEEE Virtual Reality","first-page":"193","article-title":"Acting together: Joint pedestrian road crossing in an immersive virtual environment","author":"Jiang","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107092","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles and street design: Exploring the role of medians in enhancing pedestrian street crossing safety using a virtual reality experiment","volume":"188","author":"Joo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107050","article-title":"Who goes first? A distributed simulator study of vehicle-pedestrian interaction","volume":"186","author":"Kalantari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107477","article-title":"Investigating the dynamics of collective behavior among pedestrians crossing roads: A multi-user virtual reality approach","volume":"199","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b44","series-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021)","first-page":"710","article-title":"Design of external human-machine interfaces for different automated vehicle types for the interaction with Pedestrians on a shared space","author":"Lau","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.126849","article-title":"The speed and configuration of cyclist social groups: A field study","volume":"592","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b46","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles drive into shared spaces: eHMI design concept focusing on vulnerable road users","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.02.016","article-title":"Trajectory data-based traffic flow studies: A revisit","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b48","article-title":"Cyclists perception and self-reported behaviour towards interacting with fully automated vehicles","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106471","article-title":"Comparing the cycling behaviours of Australian, Chinese and Colombian cyclists using a behavioural questionnaire paradigm","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107804","article-title":"Group cycling in urban environments: Analyzing visual attention and riding performance for enhanced road safety","volume":"209","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.09.008","article-title":"Computer agents versus avatars: Responses to interactive game characters controlled by a computer or other player","volume":"68","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b52","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference","first-page":"475","article-title":"AV-Pedestrian interaction design using a pedestrian mixed traffic simulator","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b53","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"15","article-title":"What does it mean to cycle in virtual reality? Exploring cycling fidelity and control of VR Bicycle Simulators","author":"Matviienko","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b54","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"14","article-title":"Reducing virtual reality sickness for cyclists in VR bicycle simulators","author":"Matviienko","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.03.018","article-title":"What externally presented information do VRUs require when interacting with fully Automated Road Transport Systems in shared space?","volume":"118","author":"Merat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105943","article-title":"Studying bicyclists\u2019 perceived level of safety using a bicycle simulator combined with immersive virtual reality","volume":"151","author":"Nazemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2017.03.001","article-title":"Cyclist\u2019 safety perceptions of cycling infrastructure at un-signalised intersections: Cross-sectional survey of Queensland cyclists","volume":"6","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.08.015","article-title":"Studying pedestrians\u2019 crossing behavior when interacting with automated vehicles using virtual reality","volume":"66","author":"Nu\u00f1ez Velasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/info12010007","article-title":"Cyclists\u2019 crossing intentions when interacting with automated vehicles: A virtual reality study","volume":"12","author":"Nu\u00f1ez Velasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/info12010007","article-title":"Cyclists\u2019 crossing intentions when interacting with automated vehicles: A virtual reality study","volume":"12","author":"Nu\u00f1ez Velasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.172","article-title":"Pedestrian safety assessment with video analysis","volume":"14","author":"Olszewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221112423","article-title":"Safety assessment of the interaction between an automated vehicle and a cyclist: A controlled field test","volume":"2677","author":"Oskina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00053-5","article-title":"Differences in traffic judgements between young and old adult pedestrians","volume":"29","author":"Oxley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.11.003","article-title":"Introducing human factors in pedestrian crossing behaviour models","volume":"36","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.11.003","article-title":"Introducing human factors in pedestrian crossing behaviour models","volume":"36","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.357","article-title":"Pedestrian risk taking while road crossing: A comparison of observed and declared behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.09.008","article-title":"Patterns of pedestrian attitudes, perceptions and behaviour in Europe","volume":"53","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815612319","article-title":"Fully automated driving: Impact of trust and practice on manual control recovery","volume":"58","author":"Payre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2021.3116436","article-title":"Pedestrian behavior in shared spaces with autonomous vehicles: An integrated framework and review","volume":"8","author":"Pr\u00e9dhumeau","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.1030","article-title":"Comparing interpersonal interactions with a virtual human to those with a real human","volume":"13","author":"Raij","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2901817","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles that interact with pedestrians: A survey of theory and practice","volume":"21","author":"Rasouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Robert S. Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.07.020","article-title":"Interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles: A Wizard of Oz experiment","volume":"58","author":"Rodr\u00edguez Palmeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.03.005","article-title":"Validation of virtual reality as a tool to understand and prevent child pedestrian injury","volume":"40","author":"Schwebel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.09.023","article-title":"Road-crossing behavior and safety of pedestrians facing autonomous vehicles with an acceleration indicator eHMI in VR traffic flow","volume":"107","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b76","series-title":"A virtual reality research for analyzing the safety and comfort of cyclists interacting with autonomous electric vehicles: Is an additional noise needed?","author":"Sun","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040601","article-title":"Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.10.006","article-title":"Advancing VR simulators for autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interactions: A focus on multi-entity scenarios","volume":"107","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2021.3107517","article-title":"A review of virtual reality studies on autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian interaction","volume":"51","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su10020299","article-title":"Infrastructural and human factors affecting safety outcomes of cyclists","volume":"10","author":"Useche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.05.022","article-title":"Does gender really matter? A structural equation model to explain risky and positive cycling behaviors","volume":"118","author":"Useche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b82","series-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Augmentation concepts with HUDs for cyclists to improve road safety in shared spaces","author":"von Sawitzky","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b83","series-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","first-page":"330","article-title":"Pedestrian-Vehicle interaction in shared space: Insights for autonomous vehicles","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b84","series-title":"13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","first-page":"119","article-title":"Scaling up automated vehicles\u2019 eHMI communication designs to interactions with multiple pedestrians \u2013 putting eHMIs to the test","author":"Wilbrink","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b85","first-page":"392","article-title":"Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance","volume":"22","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, P.T., Kalescky, W., MacLaughlin, A., Williams, B., 2016. VR locomotion: walking\u00bf walking in place\u00bf arm swinging. In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry-Volume 1. pp. 243\u2013249.","DOI":"10.1145\/3013971.3014010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605323384654","article-title":"The factor structure of the presence questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"Witmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.09.017","article-title":"Gap acceptance study of pedestrians crossing between platooning autonomous vehicles in a virtual environment","volume":"67","author":"Woodman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b89","series-title":"2019 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","first-page":"899","article-title":"Top-view trajectories: A pedestrian dataset of vehicle-crowd interaction from controlled experiments and crowded campus","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.02.008","article-title":"Crossing roads in a social context: How behaviors of others shape pedestrian interaction with automated vehicles","volume":"102","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003040?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003040?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:14:04Z","timestamp":1788884044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457526003040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S0001457526003040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Studying the interaction between pedestrian, cyclist and automated vehicle in shared space: A virtual reality co-simulator study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108695","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108695"}}